But what would we use diver lockout chambers for anyway? A 130m, 10,000t submarine surely won't be close enough to any targets for the SBS to be of any use? Surely it would be more effective to be able to fit lockout chambers on the back of a smaller design like we do with the Astutes, and then invest in some diver mini-subs: https://www.msubs.com/manned-submersibles/s401/
If the US can send 19,000ton SSGNs close enough for the SEALs to reach targets, the graduates of the Perisher course absolutely can drive a 10,000ton boat close enough.
 
They'll be getting Mk.41 as part of the capability insertion on the earlier ships, final few may arrive as built with Mk.41. As for Sonar it would have helped it the type 31 was built with a bow sonar dome....because the RN will, in due course, have 5 upgraded S2150 bow sonars going spare...with no ships to put them on....they'll also have 3 full seagoing Sonar 2087 going spare....
I phrased it poorly - I'm trying to ask whether the money being used to purchase and fit Mk41 cells should've instead been used to fit some kind of sonar system.

There will be those spare S2150s, but are those not going to be used on the Norwegian T26s?
 
From what I could find quickly, ASO is quite a compact sonar. The array weighs 2.5t and from the only image I could find of Iver Huitfeldt in dry dock the dome is hardly wider than the bow fitted to our T31s.
View attachment 810417
S2150 weighs five tonnes and is a much broader and flatter dome which protrudes underneath the hull. The weight and fitting aside such a large dome would probably have noticeable effects on the hydrodynamics of the hull. (left T23, right T26)
View attachment 810421View attachment 810423
My question (given my limited knowledge of ASW) would be whether a hull-mounted sonar, or a TAS, would be preferred for the T31 (assuming funds would only stretch for one).

IIRC, the two Constellation-class frigates are being built with just a TAS and no HMS, right?
 
My question (given my limited knowledge of ASW) would be whether a hull-mounted sonar, or a TAS, would be preferred for the T31 (assuming funds would only stretch for one).

IIRC, the two Constellation-class frigates are being built with just a TAS and no HMS, right?
I'm not the person to ask about that either, but my guess would be that HMS is better in situations where quick responses or flexibility is required, but TAS is superior for pure open oceN sensitivity. It takes 20 minutes to deploy or recover CAPTAS-4 for example and the reel is 500m long. That's not really useful for working in confined waters and it can't be turned on quickly like a HMS could be. So for T31 I'd have preferred it to have a HMS as it's more likely to be in coastal regions facing mini-subs or mines. A limited TA capacity using Kraitline could be achieved using small USVs and the HMS for multi-static use too, I imagine.

Constellation has no HMS, yes. It's one of the sacrifices the USN made in order to make it fast enough to escort CSGs even though that wasn't its primary role. Bit silly if you ask me.
 
At the moment I'd like us to explore fitting the TAS to something like the Type 92 even if it's just a "lean manned" vessel.

Because getting such capability to sea, even if it needs to call in P8 or a Merlin from a Type 26, Type 31 or even a Wildcat from a Type 45 to drop torpedoes is better than having them stuck in a warehouse waiting for Frigates yet to be funded.
 
My question (given my limited knowledge of ASW) would be whether a hull-mounted sonar, or a TAS, would be preferred for the T31 (assuming funds would only stretch for one).
If you only have funds for one sonar, the question is where you primarily plan on operating the ship.

Primarily in deep ocean, towed array.
Primarily in the littorals, hull array.

If we're playing "Fitted For But Not With" in initial construction, I would strongly recommend the hull array be the one installed and the towed array FFBNW.

And technically, the ideal sonar fit is one VDS, one surface towed array, and a hull array. Because the towed arrays are just flat more sensitive and have much better detection range when a target is more or less perpendicular to the array. The VDS goes below the 250ft thermocline, the other towed array is above it. And the hull array can then be optimized for littoral operations.



IIRC, the two Constellation-class frigates are being built with just a TAS and no HMS, right?
Correct. The bulb for the hull array would be too be deep for the river the building ways open into.



At the moment I'd like us to explore fitting the TAS to something like the Type 92 even if it's just a "lean manned" vessel.

Because getting such capability to sea, even if it needs to call in P8 or a Merlin from a Type 26, Type 31 or even a Wildcat from a Type 45 to drop torpedoes is better than having them stuck in a warehouse waiting for Frigates yet to be funded.
Agreed.
 
At the moment I'd like us to explore fitting the TAS to something like the Type 92 even if it's just a "lean manned" vessel.

Because getting such capability to sea, even if it needs to call in P8 or a Merlin from a Type 26, Type 31 or even a Wildcat from a Type 45 to drop torpedoes is better than having them stuck in a warehouse waiting for Frigates yet to be funded.
How many 'spare' S2087 sets will there be? Getting T92 as a large sonar tug specifically to use those sounds like a great idea if whoever did the decommissioning thought to keep them in decent nick.
 
Some rather not good news.

https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/britain-now-down-to-five-operational-frigates/
"HMS Iron Duke has been withdrawn from active service, leaving the Royal Navy with just five operational Type 23 frigates, NavyLookout has revealed.

The naval analysis website broke the story today in a detailed piece well worth reading in full, reporting that Iron Duke has been stripped of her weapons and sensors and has not been to sea since October 2024, with no formal decommissioning announcement made despite her effective removal from the fleet.

The withdrawal comes less than three years after a £103 million refit that by any measure was extraordinary in its scope. The work took 49 months and more than 1.7 million man-hours, and was described as the most complex ever carried out on a Type 23."
 
Seems pretty clear that there can no longer be British overseas naval deployments until 2030. The RN no longer has the escort forces to protect its large vessels and support ASW operations in the North Atlantic.

At best, there'll be three T45s and two T23s operating at any one time. Knowing the RN, that'll be more like 1 T45 and 1 T23. That's TAPS and a back-up for the frigates. By 2028, it's looking like ASW capability might be down to three ships.
 
Seems pretty clear that there can no longer be British overseas naval deployments until 2030. The RN no longer has the escort forces to protect its large vessels and support ASW operations in the North Atlantic.

At best, there'll be three T45s and two T23s operating at any one time. Knowing the RN, that'll be more like 1 T45 and 1 T23. That's TAPS and a back-up for the frigates. By 2028, it's looking like ASW capability might be down to three ships.
No problem. The RN has become quite good at symbolic show-the-flag deployments to project strength abroad for the benefit of the few close allies still willing to believe in Global Britain (Australia, Norway, Japan etc) while asking others to fill the gaps at home. That's all most of the British political establishment seem(ed) to care about, though that may be changing.

Notice the number of French SSN sightings at Faslane... likewise a few years ago they were relying heavily on Atlantique 2 patrol aircraft.
 
It is really concerning that Britain has no plan to build a functional military. They have so much money but they get next to nothing for i, its really sad.
 
How many 'spare' S2087 sets will there be? Getting T92 as a large sonar tug specifically to use those sounds like a great idea if whoever did the decommissioning thought to keep them in decent nick.

There was going to be 3 spare seagoing sets....

But...as with the 5 spare S2150 bow sonars they may now just end up in Norwegian or UK T26.
 
There was going to be 3 spare seagoing sets....

But...as with the 5 spare S2150 bow sonars they may now just end up in Norwegian or UK T26.
I thought the majority of T26 equipment is newly built? Artisan for example was rumoured to be being refreshed at BAE and then put back on new frigates, but it looks now like they are entirely new radars. Sonar might be different, but with the huge staggering of T23 OSDs it seems more of a logistical challenge to inherit the stuff than just build new sets.
 
I thought the majority of T26 equipment is newly built? Artisan for example was rumoured to be being refreshed at BAE and then put back on new frigates, but it looks now like they are entirely new radars. Sonar might be different, but with the huge staggering of T23 OSDs it seems more of a logistical challenge to inherit the stuff than just build new sets.

Sonar 2087 has been upgraded recently, as its removed from T23 it will transfer to T26. 3 additional sets were purchased to cover the first 3 T26 in build so that transfers would not be necessary, after that all units would be transferred. An additional purchase of S2087 will have to happen to cover the additional Norwegian T26.

For S2150, again there was a recent upgrade programme of the seagoing sets, of which there are 13 in total. Obviously 8 are reserved to T26, suspect the 5 additional will now just go in the Norwegian T26.

Artisan are transfers as well, but it has had a refresh, ultimately T26 will probably get a new 'Artisan V' set eventually based on BAE's NGTRM architecture.

https://www.navylookout.com/the-royal-navys-next-generation-radars/
 
Sonar 2087 has been upgraded recently, as its removed from T23 it will transfer to T26. 3 additional sets were purchased to cover the first 3 T26 in build so that transfers would not be necessary, after that all units would be transferred. An additional purchase of S2087 will have to happen to cover the additional Norwegian T26.

For S2150, again there was a recent upgrade programme of the seagoing sets, of which there are 13 in total. Obviously 8 are reserved to T26, suspect the 5 additional will now just go in the Norwegian T26.

Artisan are transfers as well, but it has had a refresh, ultimately T26 will probably get a new 'Artisan V' set eventually based on BAE's NGTRM architecture.

https://www.navylookout.com/the-royal-navys-next-generation-radars/
The reason I think Artisan is entirely new is in the follow-up article to that one:
https://www.navylookout.com/in-focus-bae-systems-sovereign-uk-radar-development/
The ongoing production of thirteen Artisan systems for UK and export customers provides a stable manufacturing baseline.
There is also the point that Artisan on T26 is electronically stabilised whereas on T23 it was mechanically stabilised, which doesn't sound like a change that could be done on an existing array.
 
https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/us-approves-huge-submarine-weapons-systems-sale-to-britain/
The sale covers technical assistance to the design and development of what the notification describes as “AUKUS-specific vertical deployment tubes; common weapon launchers; multiple all-up-round canister support service modules; network input output units; servers and switches and custom electronics, which are specific components of the submarine warfare federated tactical system.”
 
https://www.ft.com/content/0f87c774-4bf1-4299-b591-85b6d81e14aa?syn-25a6b1a6=1

Quick summary:

- DIP is coming soon.
- Debates are ongoing over two plans - one offering £12 billion over four years, the other offering £18 billion over the same time frame.
- The Treasury backs the first (of course) and the Cabinet Office is pushing for the latter.

For purely comparative purposes, the difference between the two plans is roughly equivalent to 15 T31 frigates, 10 T26 frigates, 5 SSNs or a whopping 60% of a Dreadnought-class SSBN.
 
For purely comparative purposes, the difference between the two plans is roughly equivalent to 15 T31 frigates, 10 T26 frigates, 5 SSNs or a whopping 60% of a Dreadnought-class SSBN.
Holy moly Dreadnought is expensive, I don't understand it. How can each one cost most of the entire Astute programme cost? They'd better be good.
And I think 5 SSNs will be optimistic, I expect SSN-AUKUS to cost well over £2Bn.
 
Holy moly Dreadnought is expensive, I don't understand it. How can each one cost most of the entire Astute programme cost? They'd better be good.
And I think 5 SSNs will be optimistic, I expect SSN-AUKUS to cost well over £2Bn.
That's the total cost of the programme, divided by four. I then adjusted it down slightly for economies of scale. Even removing programme costs, though, you'd still end up with an absurdly large number.
 
- DIP is coming soon.
Stop me if you've heard that one before.
Holy moly Dreadnought is expensive, I don't understand it. How can each one cost most of the entire Astute programme cost? They'd better be good.
It's customary for some reason to cite the full lifecycle cost for the entire programme. I suspect the reason is that the people quoting its cost are doing so because they are opposed to the UK having nuclear weapons, and financial arguments land harder than philosophical arguments.

It's not unusual to see a headline along the lines of 'Doomsday submarines would pay for seven trillion child cancer wards', and it turns out that they're looking at the full lifecycle cost of the former and comparing it to the initial cost of the latter.
 
The final ships of just the British run are expected to cost about £800 million each. Combine that with 5 Norwegian orders, and then 10 extra British ones, and I reckon £600 million apiece is fairly reasonable.
 
The final ships of just the British run are expected to cost about £800 million each. Combine that with 5 Norwegian orders, and then 10 extra British ones, and I reckon £600 million apiece is fairly reasonable.
From an RN perspective I hope we're fleecing the Norwegians for all we're worth on their frigate deal, if we aren't making a profit on it there's zero point.
 
The final ships of just the British run are expected to cost about £800 million each. Combine that with 5 Norwegian orders, and then 10 extra British ones, and I reckon £600 million apiece is fairly reasonable.
How much is Norway paying for their ships ?
 
The final ships of just the British run are expected to cost about £800 million each. Combine that with 5 Norwegian orders, and then 10 extra British ones, and I reckon £600 million apiece is fairly reasonable.
To put things in perspective, £600 million would be about 15% cheaper than a FDI without the MBDA weapons package (€810 million for the 4th Greek unit)… while the FDI is almost 50% lighter, and is being built at more than twice the production rate.
It's also below Fincantieri’s target price for the FREMM EVO, which is also lighter and based on serially produced hull (€1.5-2 billion for 2 ships)

I’m honestly quite sceptical about the prices being quoted here. Costs don’t keep falling indefinitely just because you order more units… especially when the starting point of £800 million already seems like a very ambitious target.

Also, from everything I can gather, Norway is paying well over £1 billion per ship (a £10 billion deal was announced by the UKgov), pretty much in line with the cost of UK batch 1… which honestly makes sense given the size and capabilities of the vessels involved.
 
At best, there'll be three T45s and two T23s operating at any one time.
In an emergency situation, the likelihood is anything that can float will be at sea, cf the Falklands where there was serious consideration of deploying Bulwark, even though she'd been in unmaintained reserve for a year post serious fire damage to her hangar, messdecks and boilers (two separate fires!).

The often repeated idea of you need three vessels to guarantee one at sea goes by the wayside in wartime contingencies.
 
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The often repeated idea of you need three vessels to guarantee one at see goes by the wayside in wartime contingencies.
It's also a grossly misused ratio in peacetime operations. It's a rough approximation for the number of forward deployed ships a force can generate under certain assumptions. It's not a bad starting point for a deploying navy, but it isn't a universal law of nature.

If those assumptions, it can be higher or lower. For different operating scenarios, I've seen ratios as high as 5:1, and ratios not much higher than 1:1, applied for different conditions. Something like a coastal defence force is pretty close to 1:1, because if the ship is in working order it's on station.
 
For different operating scenarios, I've seen ratios as high as 5:1, and ratios not much higher than 1:1, applied for different conditions. Something like a coastal defence force is pretty close to 1:1, because if the ship is in working order it's on station.
Yes. Just like for carriers the ratio can be 1.25:1 if you’re measuring your ability to maintain a carrier at high readiness (80% availability) which guarantees that you can deploy a carrier task force within X days in response to a crisis. Or it can be 3:1 if you want a carrier task force always at sea. Or 4:1 (ideally 5:1) if you want a carrier always forward deployed on combat ops.
 
To put things in perspective, £600 million would be about 15% cheaper than a FDI without the MBDA weapons package (€810 million for the 4th Greek unit)… while the FDI is almost 50% lighter, and is being built at more than twice the production rate.
It's also below Fincantieri’s target price for the FREMM EVO, which is also lighter and based on serially produced hull (€1.5-2 billion for 2 ships)

I’m honestly quite sceptical about the prices being quoted here. Costs don’t keep falling indefinitely just because you order more units… especially when the starting point of £800 million already seems like a very ambitious target.

Also, from everything I can gather, Norway is paying well over £1 billion per ship (a £10 billion deal was announced by the UKgov), pretty much in line with the cost of UK batch 1… which honestly makes sense given the size and capabilities of the vessels involved.
I'm just basing them off equivalent FREMM costs, which are admittedly a little higher, but not by much. A FREMM is roughly a T26 analogue in terms of role, capability and scale. But I admit I was a little overzealous.

In an emergency situation, the likelihood is anything that can float will be at sea, cf the Falklands where there was serious consideration of deploying Bulwark, even though she'd been in unmaintained reserve for a year post serious fire damage to her hangar, messdecks and boilers (two separate fires!).

The often repeated idea of you need three vessels to guarantee one at sea goes by the wayside in wartime contingencies.
Here, I'm considering a peacetime scenario, given we don't really know which vessels in maintenance could be readied reasonably quickly.

I can't remember the last time four T45s were at sea together.
 
Here, I'm considering a peacetime scenario, given we don't really know which vessels in maintenance could be readied reasonably quickly.
The 3:1 model (1 vessel deployed, 1 vessel back from deployment in shipyard, 1 vessel getting ready to deploy) usually assumes that the vessel getting ready to deploy can be deployed early in a surge if needed. The closer that vessel is to the scheduled deployment rotation the more ready it will be, but I'd argue that any time after halfway through the ~6-8 month "getting ready" time period the ship would be ready enough for deployment.

That said, if your ship numbers are low enough, you can end up in a situation where there are no ships available for deployment because 2 of 6 are in deep refit, the 2 of 6 that are supposed to be deployed are broken, and the 2 of 6 that are getting ready to deploy aren't ready yet.
 
Yes. Just like for carriers the ratio can be 1.25:1 if you’re measuring your ability to maintain a carrier at high readiness (80% availability) which guarantees that you can deploy a carrier task force within X days in response to a crisis. Or it can be 3:1 if you want a carrier task force always at sea. Or 4:1 (ideally 5:1) if you want a carrier always forward deployed on combat ops.
It's a rule of thumb that's somehow been extrapolated further than was justified.

The RN's trick of using a carrier transiting the Mediterranean to cover that region let them claim two deployments from four ships around 1960 comes to mind.

The other example is US/UK Polaris SSBN cycles, which were on paper 1.45:1 at sea - but with two crews, so for any given crew it was 2.9:1. The ratio for time on station was of course slightly poorer.
 
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The RN's trick of using a carrier transiting the Mediterranean to cover that region let them claim two deployments from four ships around 1960 comes to mind.
I don't think that's really a trick.

You're probably not going to have a carrier in there for a long time, 3 weeks to a month for a standard transit IIRC.



The other example is US/UK Polaris SSBN cycles, which were on paper 1.45:1 at sea - but with two crews, so for any given crew it was 2.9:1. The ratio for time on station was of course slightly poorer.
But that got fixed with Trident.
 
Well strictly it wouldn’t matter if they had enough diesel generation capacity....
 
Well strictly it wouldn’t matter if they had enough diesel generation capacity....
Which is what the refit is supposed to fix, not the recuperators, which tells you just how badly NG screwed the recuperator design.
 

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