In the Russian Air force eye annihilates - 10 fighter planes (objective also profound criticism)
Annihilates the course which - 10 fighter planes develop to be quite long, took the Chinese first kind of independent development the fighter aircraft, without a single exception receives extremely many subsystems voluntarily the puzzle.As one kind of advanced fighter aircraft, its quota needs the achievement which a system the industry whole progresses.Massive advanced domain China and so on subsystems for instance engine, radar have not made the research and development the success experience.In under the 80's later periods unique national policy conditions, the light industry, the civil electronic industry development is rapid, needs the senior processing technology the domain from in the western introduction technology income imagination that big, the high level primary device is throughout deficient, also cannot produce, also is unable to purchase.This causes the necessary system some modules development to be smooth, some modules serious lag, specially on several essential cores parts progress hauled, causes the aeroplane compared to the estimate service time late 8 years.
Heart disease worry
The aeroplane engine we already in knew was keeps card - Sa Toon unified body AL-31FN, in the picture the aeroplane tail stainless steel heat insulation link is the AL-31 series engine high temperature partial exterior characteristics.This kind of engine weight approximately 1740kg, but the thrust and other AL-31 engine is same, is in the 122.55kn.AL-31FN engine structure uses the belt invariable curved import to lead the leaf blade 涡扇 the engine, the import leads the leaf blade to have 23 pieces, the predestined affinity fixed after skirt has the adjustment piece, on the leaf blade has from the air compressor 7th level of luck deicing structure, 4 levels of entire titanium alloys fans, the first three levels of leaf blades for the long string belt antivibration raised shoulder leaf blade, press compared to 3.6, contains compared to 0.6.9 levels of high-pressured air compressors, presses compared to 6.6, the total supercharger ratio 23, the annular chamber combustor, the high and low pressure turbine wheel all is a single stage, in front of turbine wheel temperature 1665k, engine air flow 112Kg/s, militaryThrust 76.2kn, biggest thrust augmentation thrust 122.55kn. oil consumption 0.0695kg/n.h, thrust augmentation oil consumption 0.198kg/n.h.AL-31FN had proven on the Sukhoi aeroplane outstanding performance this kind of engine exceptionally outstanding work stability, to under each kind of bad working condition compatibility, it can such surpass under 90 big angle of attack in the cobra the normal work, turn of mobile 360 revolves is lets in air the condition to arrive the extreme badly, but the AL-31F engine all perfect operation and had demonstrated, this identity is extremely important regarding the new aeroplane development, in particular single shot fighter aircraft.Annihilates - 10 plans from 86 years executing until now, flew the nose to fly already surpasses now above for 8 years, by no means had crashed and so on the news to spread, in contrast at that time China's some actually repeatedly had the hearsay to obsolete 涡喷 engine improvement installing equipment which crashed, obviously AL-31FN stabilising regarding annihilated - 10 significances to be extraordinary.
Perhaps according to the initial plan, the Chinese from had not planned can use Russian the engine.Recollects next 80's international political contexts, the 80's intermediate stages, Chinese and Soviet Union's relations have not looked like the present to be like this intimate, on the contrary is hostile to mutually the mood quite surges upward, China in the far east deployed has surpasses 1,000,000 human of armies, but Soviet Union also has 500,000 above in Mongolia the army.Annihilates - 10 aiming matches is the Soviet Air force main force Mig - 23, Mig - 25, also the certain degree has aimed at the Mig - 29 with the Soviet - 27 forms.But the political relation transformation often has the theatrical nature compared to the engineering effort, to the end of the 80's, under Gorbachev's leadership, the Sino-Soviet relations has been once again intimate, China obtains the Soviet - 27 fighter aircrafts the exportation is a very big proof, before this Soviet Union was absolutely does not sell this kind of at that time extremely advanced large-scale long range fighter planes, because he while helped China to resist China also to have the ability to threaten Soviet the centre, once required China for this Soviet Union not to be able this kind of aeroplane deployment in the north, and has shut down quite many the function which attacked to the place, enabled it only to use the rocket projectile or BoB!!!Makes the front temporary support use, but does not have the special attack capability.
All worries have not become the reality, the following unfortunate disintegration disintegrated Soviet Union's threat suddenly, Russia's economy has needed to sell the military technology to maintain massively, before could not sell the thing now was is very much afraid sells has been short, Russia became China obtained the advanced weapon and after the technical best window .1989 year tian~an-door incident, with Chinese intimate west because also US led the blockade changed suddenly strange and opposes, China annihilated - 10 to anticipate originally developed the contingency under the west technical support to shut down suddenly, again added on the 90's Taiwan problem China and US's huge difference, the F-16 fighter aircraft and the illusory image 2000 enters TaiwanCauses to annihilate - 10 operational matches to replace F-16, F-15, or is obtains the development engine technology from the western introduction engine from the west the gate thorough shutdown.US's technical blockade is quite strict, but grasps the senior engine technology England, France then China will regard as to dump the elimination technology the ideal market, is not willing to take the political risk to input the advanced technology to China.Because the China aircraft engine industry previously Soviet Union provided the fighter aircraft technology established, the industry level was not high, also not normal establishment research and development organisation.Mig - 21 fighter aircrafts R-13 engine China until the 80's only then calculated real mimicking successful and its practical application, this kind of Soviet Union 20 year ago technology also let China feel embarrassed long has reached for 10 several years long time.
Therefore, in at the end of the 90's the beginning of 21st century, China is also willing to spend the large amount of money to purchase the English for 60's the Si shell engines design production technical data, from now on only then will let China domestically mimicking the Si shell engine to obtain successfully.Obviously China aircraft engine scientific research level and industry level low.Is precisely under this kind of background, the Chinese nearly all new developments aeroplane all receives the engine question the huge influence, front we talk about annihilate - 9 fighter aircrafts repeatedly to delay the WS-6 engine which calls self with China to delay relate.China's F-8 fighter aircraft is similar to our country's Soviet - 15. also is because lacks a thrust bigger engine, aeroplane performance merely with Mig - 21 improvements models quite, even if so also spent for more than 20 years only then to complete the actual design stereotypia work.
Was similar to annihilates - 9 plans to be same, annihilates - 10 plans necessary developments engine still was numbers for air ministry 606th research institute's Shenyang Aircraft engine Research institute, they for annihilated - 10 plans to prepare the named WS-10 turbo-fan engine, estimated design thrust 120kn, the thrust ratio was 8. this models engine developments a time early almost year which designed compared to the aeroplane, in the 80's initial period, China introduced the Boeing 737 aeroplanes times once defers to the Soviet-type aeroplane the safeguarding standard, purchased some to take the backup the CFM-56-3 engine.Afterwards China in the use detected this mode is not suitable regarding the western aeroplane, the Boeing 737 lifelong all do not need to replace a brand-new engine.At this time China's engine scholars considered CFM-56-3 the nuclear plans with the American general research and development F110 涡扇 engine are nearly consistent, the west has Sweden to favour the JT-8D civil engine using Pu to improve into the fighter aircraft engine the precedent, China also plans from this kind of engine foundation studies, obtains one kind of Chinese the F110 engine, the process computation, uses this kind of engine the nuclear plans to be possible to obtain 110-130kn the thrust, definitely can satisfy the aeroplane the requirement.China believed like this uses the ready-made mature technology definitely to be possible reto establish rapid and the simplicity compared to oneself which a set comes, may satisfy the new aeroplane research and development the progress need.
This achievement once for annihilated - 9 developments 涡扇 6 (WS-6) the female factory, 606 had accepted this thrust close engine development task/role.The new engine naturally gave up on 涡扇 the 6G engine which completed nearly make the improvement the plan, but was the resolution tracks the tidal current which the west aircraft engine developed, resolved redeveloped a section advanced engine completely (官方语).The new engine used and has imitated the American General Company's CFM-56-3 engine nuclear plans, this kind of engine massive assemblies had in China on the quantity huge Boeing 737 aeroplane groups, this kind of engine was provides B-1 from US the General Dynamics Corporation the bomber aircraft the F101 engine development to come, simultaneously grew the performance quite outstanding F110 engine, China selects this achievement reference, considered fully this platform outstanding might port the ability, already mature structure and massive uses experience, but also had passable the characteristic which easy to purchase with the spare part and easy to safeguard.Although selected one to look the shortcut, the industrialisation level difference will still need to spend several years and the energy only then starts to be adaptable more realistic and can produce by own craft.So far does not even have to be able to apply produces in China annihilates - 10 on news, the match Tanzania Corporation's order form also in continuously adds at least.A China aviation industry group's official website most recent news represented this kind of engine has as if already obtained the final success, believed is away from the large-scale application also to have period of time.This kind of engine also is at the state in China which keeps secret highly, the very few articles can publish through some specialised academic periodicals, these fragmentary news, are extrapolated his existence and the performance evidence, we thought this kind of engine has the following performance and the structure.For the convenience contrast, we use with the F110-GE-100 data carry on the graph to contrast .FWS-10 the data majority are the estimate.
F110-GE-100 FWS-10A
The air inlet belt imports the guide vane variable camber import guide vane
The fan 3 levels, press the ratio 3.23 levels, the pressure compare 3
Contains a ratio 0.87 0.8
The air compressor 9 levels, press the ratio 119 levels, the pressure compare 11~12
Air flow 115kg/s 126kg/s
The total pressure compares 3032
The combustion chamber floats the wall short concentric type to float the wall short concentric type
The turbine wheel to transfers the type, the high-pressured 1 level, the low pressure 2 levels to transfers the type, the high-pressured 1 level, the low pressure 2 levels
In front of turbine wheel temperature 1655k 1700k
Military thrust 75.56Kn 79Kn
Thrust augmentation thrust 122kn 132.4kn
Weight 1800kg 1795kg
The FWS-10 contour criterion and the weight and the AL-31F series engine are highly similar, China considered in annihilates - 10 and manufacture domestically Soviet - on 27 uses, forms is similar to US's engine general strategy.The flaw lies in the complete main force fighter aircraft all to use the identical type the engine, once appears the accident, all aeroplane groups can receive the limit aircraft grounding.The merit lies in may reduce the engine using the volume production the production cost, the booth thin development cost, massive may exchange the components are advantageous for the ground duty raise and general.Interesting is, now Chinese Air force will have two kind of different engines, but two performance and the level will quite approximate, so far, will have surpasses 500 above the AL-31F series engine by the Chinese Air force use, but will design the WS-10A engine the factory exactly also undertakes the Chinese Air force AL-31F overhaul of engine factory, will not need to consider nearly, we might also think Chinese on the engine will certainly have our engine technology.This point may evolve from WS-10 to the WS-10A this process inferential reasoning.It is said China first researches and develops WS-10 engine not too successful, this kind of motor power probably has 12000kg, but displays badly in a series of type test, the technical question emerges one after another incessantly, is unable to achieve the running condition.But China has then obtained the AL-31F engine all overhauls information in 96 years, and also obtains the certain quantity the components producer goods and the technology, the WS-10A engine probably takes shape around 2000, the technical proliferation has the suitable contingency.Certainly, if all are similar to us to conceive such happily, the WS-10A engine will be able to affect our country aeroplane to export the market very quickly, China already plans Soviet which produced in them - on 27 to install it, annihilated - 10 to take the original use client instead lagged behind, when the match Tanzania Corporation's engine exportation stagnated, China's engine will be real prepares.Certainly, Russia no longer has been also stodgy, 143kn AL-31FM then is a reason which a very good continuation uses, but also has a bigger thrust or the installed thrust vector technology engine, these all are China does not have with cannot have very quickly.
The fighter aircraft design, the engine weight is resolved the aeroplane weight an important parameter, we may through the reference design in the similar aeroplane design proportion parameter, extrapolates a fighter aircraft parameters and so on weight.The experienced aircraft designer can select a as far as possible small weight to configure to the aeroplane on, considered annihilates - 10 outlooks sizes, its bare weight will be able between F-16 and F-18, but the delta tailless topology might obtain the light construction weight coefficient, extrapolated by the power unit weight and the design constant, we extrapolated will annihilate - 10 fighter aircrafts dynamic systems and the tare weight proportion is bigger than should between 0.2-0.22, F-16A this parameter will be 0.25, the F-18 parameter will be 0.18, France's illusory image 2000 will approximately be 0.2, but China's Mig - 21 this parameter will be 0.22. the Mig which will refer by the Chinese custom in -21 designs customs are the examples, with annihilates - 10 wings designs and illusory image 2000 相似度 looked, we calculated annihilates - 10 fighter aircrafts bare weights is 7900kg. in the news which spreads from the Chinese website looked, thought roughly annihilates - 10 bare weights between 7800kg and 8600kg, this regarding the above value all is normal reasonable.Again acts according to in the structure benefit China to propose the higher life hour and the high overload requirement, the electronic installation also greatly adds, this counterbalances on sufficiently the structure and the material designs, we will annihilate - 10 weights ratios to consider high one again, approximately about 0.21, bare weight about 8300kg more reasonable.Considered the American F-16 series fighter aircraft in installs after the F110 engine and the adding electronic installation, as well as after adding maximum total weight 4 tons, the weight achieved adds from early 6900kg to 8600Kg. at present annihilates - 10 to look by the empty superior primarily aeroplane, the total weight possibly cannot be bigger than F-16C most greatly the level, but delta-winged aeroplane construction weight also this approximately quite.
Extrapolated the aeroplane operational performance also has a quite essential data, the aeroplane internal fuel on board.When traditional fighter aircraft design computer which states as follows oil, all selects the small proportion, increases the range dependence to carry the auxiliary oil tank, like this may reduce the aeroplane as far as possible the structure volume and the weight, can let the aeroplane thrust ratio as far as possible big, Europe's typhoon and a wind is this kind of design concept most typical performance, computer the which states as follows oil system number is small.But another kind of design thought take Soviet - 27 as representative, in computer in sets the enough space and the load capacity, satisfies the aircraft commander cruise duration and the big combat radius demand, even does not need to carry the auxiliary oil tank, this when cruise the drag and the oil consumption aspect superiority is good.In the single shot fighter aircraft F-16 uses the big interior to carry the oil system number, the great range design, but is restrained in the backwardness engine illusory image 2000 pieces uses slightly carries the oil system number, the first mate fuel tank design completes the similar requirement.Annihilates - 10 fighter aircrafts external dimensions compared to F-16, the illusory image 2000 all in a big way, fuselage space also relative says are greatly very many, the fuel oil store-carrying capability also certainly can be bigger than these two kind of fighter aircrafts, F-16 and the illusory image 2000 computer which stateses as follows oil masses approximately all about 3100kg, in the traditional aeroplane design, the Mig - 21 selections fuel oils load ratio is 27.8%, F-16 is 27%, the illusory image 2000 is 24%, other aeroplanes all in 24% to 30% between.Once had periodical hearsay China to annihilate - 10 computer which stateses as follows oils was about 4600-4900 litre, then the aeroplane internal fuel on board about 3600-3900kg, considered carried the oil system number, about 3600kg as if is worth believing, like this annihilated - 10 fuel oils coefficients probably is 29%, in the single shot fighter aircraft the Mig approximated, F/A-18 also approximated.Moreover also has the rumour aeroplane which states as follows oil is 3 tons, although regarding that great criterion aeroplane said is a little small, but considered reduces under the weight factor also is possible as far as possible, such fuel oil coefficient is 25.4%, the value is small.The contrast annihilates - 10 and F-16, in the illusory image 2000 sizes differences, this 3600kg weight should be quite critical.But in the picture displayed the interairfield flight auxiliary oil tank hung carries has provided 1700+900+1700 litres configurations, probably the 3400kg fuel oil, the total fuel hold-up achieved 7000kg, loaded clothing hung at full length conforms to the design style and to its requirement.
Through the fuel on board and the weight analysis, we can establish a reasonable aeroplane operational performance to appraise that, this kind of analysis principle has played the huge role in the cold war 30 years, also has the suitable precision.With the aid of the above parameter, we may appraise annihilates - 10 operational performance.By international popular air fight weight estimation (computer in half oil, two wrestles missiles, machine gun.This is according to conceives in the aeroplane computer full oil outside, carries hangs like on, from the airport biggest ab takeoff, and holds the quickest speed to rush the wrestle area this combat condition to form), annihilates - 10 this states probably heavy 10600kg, the aeroplane thrust ratio is 1.18, the wing load is the 260kg/square metre, this operational quota already was higher than original operational object F-16A, was higher than the key reference and the inspection illusory image 2000 fighter aircrafts greatly, in the standard which evaluated by the western third generation fighter aircraft looked, this quota in the single shot fighter aircraft also was exceptionally outstanding.Considered keeps advantage card - Sa Toon once after to recommend the Chinese purchase performance improvement the engine, as well as China independently develops the motor power is slightly big, the aeroplane thrust ratio also has the rise the potential.The steady turn performance is not clear at present, this achievement sustained manoeuvre quota, annihilated - 10 air operated topologies to be able to obtain big may use the lift coefficient and big is respected recently said, should be higher than the illusory image 2000. instants to circle greatly the angular speed aspect, the similar wing shape and bigger might use the lift coefficient, annihilated - 10 not to be able to be lower than the illusory image 2000 that extremely high instant at least to circle the angular speed quota.This parameter is more important to the next generation wrestle combat significance some, it occupies a safeguard which the missile launching takes the initiative, also is dodges the missile a crucial mobile quota.In and by in the third generation fight air fight which high grows perceptibly mobile, depends upon steady turn that kind of weak difference to obtain the superiority to need the too long time, in under the present missile technology support, changes to the nose the angle which may aim to obtain as far as possible first the victory the probability to be bigger than far loses the danger which a kinetic energy brings.The instant circles receives a wind, the typhoon this category of new fighter aircraft value, all greatly is strengthened including the F-22 new generation of fighter aircraft in this aspect.
The Chinese Air force long-term use Mig early time fighter aircraft, for instance is called in China annihilates - 6 Migs - 19, annihilates - 7 Migs - 21, these fighter aircrafts all have airport fence security " laudatory name ".China in introduced Soviet - 27 before from has not had the long range fighter planes, they were quite long for to this aspect, in particular all needed the combat radius to surpass 1000km in the 90's Taiwan problem and Nansha Islands' territory conflict fighter aircraft .AL-31FN is one kind quite saves the oil the engine, this - on 27 obtained the confirmation in Soviet, annihilated - 10 fuels on board to be quite big, the Soviet - 27 weights probably annihilate - 10 2 times, but the 9000kg fuel oil might fly 3800km, a half weight annihilated - 10 conservative estimates also to be able to carry above 6000kg the fuel oil, the range achieved the Soviet - 27 levels were not strange, this kind of fighter aircraft should haveOr surpasses the F-16 similar range and the combat radius, the aeroplane maximum range may achieve at least above 3500km, this is China first time obtains such domestically produced the long range fighter planes, is similar to the picture to display carries third mate the fuel tank 2 missiles the patrol mission configuration it is said to be able far to radius 1270km outside.This meant depending on taking the opportunity in the fuel oil, the aeroplane at least must be able to fly above 2000km, regarding one kind of light single shot fighter aircraft said this is an extremely good news.In the Chinese Air force long-term dependence main force F-8 series aeroplane computer carries 4 tons fuel oils only to be able to fly 1400km, in addition outside hangs altogether carries 6.7 tons fuel oils also only to be able to fly 2200km, the combat radius is small, approximately only then about 700km.But annihilates 10 great ranges to be possible very relaxed to provide reaches 900-1100km far the combat radius, or can pause a longer time in the battlefield, for instance is longer than 2 time of battlefields the F-8 to stay in the air the time.This meant not merely Chinese Air force will obtain annihilates - 10 later to be possible to be able to expand the air supremacy greatly by the few aeroplanes the area, moreover the low fuel oil consumption to the aeroplane daily working costs will be a huge progress, also reduced the logistical supply pressure greatly.The long range fighter planes return to give back to China to bring the influence to the peripheral military pressure, although at present annihilates - 10 fighter aircrafts not to display the ability which attacks to the place, but Israel bombs F-16 which the Iraqi nuclear reactor uses also is the similar fighter aircraft, its cover scope South Korea, Japan and so on covers sufficiently, this quite is all profound to the East Asian zone politics and the military influence, China also had air refueling now the technology and the ability, before Soviet - 30 because the quantity question is not taken by other countries, annihilated - 10 fighter aircrafts to be doomed to want the mass production, this to certain countries said was not a good news.
The aeroplane saves the fuel oil is a very covert merit, first the fighter aircraft flies time of use fuel expense itself is quite high, a fighter aircraft pilot year can fly at least for 100-200 hour, Russian Air force because of the military expenses question, the air force is in the fuel oils for a long time scarcely centre, even if has the massive fighter aircrafts, cannot guaranty time pilot's training hour and the combat sets out the quantity.The inexpensive province oil single shot aeroplane achievement reduces the air force the use cost already to prove by the western air force that, only is the Russian continuously incapable development nearly must become the reality the light single shot fighter aircraft plan.China uses for a long time equips the high fuel consumption 涡喷 the engine fighter aircraft, executes the similar aerial mission, on the fuel oils the expense is extremely high, the new aeroplane may save greatly in this aspect.If merely saves the charge for oil, that possibly is not the manner regards as important very much, but said from the operational capacity that, an airport military supplies ability has the limit, formerly supports a F-8 squadron to battle 3 day-long airports perhaps to be possible to support a squadron today to annihilate - 10 to battle 5 day, this was the noticeable merit.Annihilates - 10 long distance patrols configuration to look that, the total weight estimated achieves 15800kg, in the picture looked takes off the time forward wing deflexion angle is big, but under the wing flap the leaning angle is not big, this displayed as if the aeroplane also can add using the flap rises the ability to take off by a heavier weight, not yet has the display to annihilate - 10 heavy loads abilities picture appearance, estimated its total weight possibly can maximum between 17800-19000kg, at this time also can hold approximately the 500kg/square metre wing load, also calculates in the reasonable scope.Loading…
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雄鹰 sharp claws
At this time we recollected again China to annihilated the long-range escort requirement which - 9 plans proposed, today annihilates - 10 designs is completely has satisfied the Chinese Air force for several dozens years ago on the urgent need ability.The aeroplane long-distance voyage ability enhancement, the load ability enhancement, will cause aeroplane executing to be more inevitably a more complex task/role, this will be previously to annihilates - time 9 plans not once thought.The today general purpose aeroplane, depends upon the remarkable flight performance not merely, but also must equip the complex electronic installation to be able to obtain executes the many kinds of tasks/role ability.Since Chinese Air force long-time on has had the good radar performance deficiently the aeroplane, develops being similar by the F-8 to be stranded in the Soviet - 15 interceptor aircrafts in the Chinese own weak radar electronics industry ability, 90's intermediate stages before is unable to breach continuously consults the pulse Doppler radar the technical difficulty, down to the massive F-8 II fighter aircraft in ten years the appropriate radar not to match.But at the end of the 80's China and America peace model plan intention installs the American APG-66 radar the plan finally to fail, this lets the Chinese be extremely disappointed, when introduces Sukhoi's Soviet - 27 fighter aircrafts, above equips the radar level still is more obsolete, China once represented the unusual disaffection, this question arrived when Soviet - 30MKK only then obtains the certain degree the solution.
The Chinese domestic research and development airborne radar approach unit are many, at present a known strength more abundant unit is Nanjing Electron Research institute, but the original China's airborne radar approach factory (serial number 780 factories) in the 80's conversion of military technologies and facilities for civilian use flood tide relays to the civil product, produce the television primarily, its product is called " the rainbow " sign, today the world supermarket all can see this kind of sign the television.Annihilates - 10 radars is one of projects which the Chinese home most keeps secret, it shields in many behind the simple model which improves to the obsolete fighter aircraft.Introduces Soviet in China - after 27, Fei Zuolun the company once provided serves under somebody's banner each product Air force to test for China, has not always obtained Chinese Air force the favour, in Chinese's purchase custom, if were not is greatly more superior than the domestic similar thing performance, that did not have what purchase the hope.Around 1996 Shenyang introduced one batch not to be able to install on the Mig - 33 fighter aircrafts at that time the beetle ME radar to load on F-8 IIM uses in to the foreign sales promotion, insufficient as by has failed unexpectedly by the client take the radar performance, the later Shenyang's F-8 IIM aeroplane has already assembled the Chinese research and development to in 2000 the PD radar, it is said that performance good in beetle ME.China's radar plan not easy to understand that, looked very many factories obtain the technical breach in the identical time, has 3 above in China the unit to use in at least the PD radar in the manufacture which the fighter plane uses.
Annihilates - 10 noses diameters to approximate the circular, approximates a metre from the picture through the proportion computation diameter, such nose cone may install diameter 740mm or the 780mm antenna, such antenna diameter provides Fei Zuolun for China's beetle ME antenna is bigger than.The beetle ME diameter only then about 680mm, approximately is similar with US's APG-66 or APG-68, the survey performance basically is also similar with American APG-66, regarding Mig - 21 category of RCS in 3 square metres goals, the maximum probing range in 74 to 80 kilometers about, gets down the apparent distance to leave approximately 40 kilometers.2003 year's end, China the FC-1 aeroplane test flight which developed for Pakistan, its development unit (annihilated - 10 parent factories) foreign to demonstrate a series of navigations electricity combination, in which provided one kind by the China home production light pulse Doppler radar, had the entire digitised multi- modalities the pulse Doppler radar, this kind of radar has the 600mm diameter, had high, centre, the low pulse rate (the entire profile), and might the intelligent conversion pulse rate, use the pulse compression technology as well as the frequency agility technology, the weight is light, the function was complete.It achieves 80km to 3 square metres target detections distance, achieves 120km regarding the large-scale airborne target, is farthest to the sea level goal may reach 200km, gets down the apparent solar time to be farthest may achieve 42km, the basic performance and several year ago beetle ME radar is nearly consistent.In order to emulate with the western radar, specially with Italy's Grifo-S2000 radar emulation, China has provided similarly richly to the place function, the real wave beam mapping, great proportion Doppler peaks and so on, but also has the abilities which the fashionable on the one hand track on the other hand scans, may simultaneously track 10 goals and check the centre which two active radars guide to be apart from the missile attack two different goals.This radar was considered is annihilates - 10 radars to reduce simplifies the version, uses in exporting the FC-1 aeroplane the time adding politics chip flexibility and strives for the biggest profit, the large diameter modification appears on new F-8 IIM which makes in Shenyang, has substituted for the original beetle ME radar.
Because the performance and the competitor compare not in the least inferior, has many places also to surpass the Italian radar, specially China also provides with AIM-120, the R-77 similar advanced centre is apart from after air-to-air missile SD-10, in the fire control integration, without doubt occupies the very big conformity superiority.The taking this into consideration this radar price is not cheaper than the overseas competitor, even also slightly expensive, we believed China uses on own main force fighter aircraft the system, certainly must surpass greatly may permit the export the equipment, this point is follows completely the Soviet time consciousness custom.Some hearsay believed that, annihilates - 10 radar performances to be quite formidable, its antenna diameter and US's APG-65 is almost big, the average power achieves 1500 - 2500 tiles, but above lists the light radar power does not surpass 350W generally, uses the grid control fluid cooling central t w tube, a probing range rcs=3 square metre goal is not smaller than 100km, some people said this radar detects the Soviet - 27 that big goals approximately about 160km.Similarly has used the pulse compression and the frequency agility technology, the radar uses computation ability formidable POWER a PC category of chip the unnecessary digital computer to carry on processing, the computer handling ability goes far beyond each second 100,000,000 abilities which the French RDY radar declared, this is a result which the computer industry progresses, today we use in the desktop computer which types all having surpass 1,500,000,000 time each second computation ability, late appears the system can have the better handling ability naturally, the formidable computation handling ability and the memory property may help the radar in on the one hand with on the other hand to sweep in the model to process more goals.According to France's RDY radar ability, we believed if really is similar to the description that formidable computation ability, simultaneously tracks 15-25 goal, attacks 4-8 goal is completely possible, Fei Zuolun does not have for the Soviet - 30 developments radar computation abilities the French radar that exaggerates when to declare may track 15 goals to attack 4
Today radar and computer technology development very quick, the fighter aircraft simultaneously attacks the goal ability very quick can be the aeroplane carries the weapon quantity the question, but could not be the electronic installation ability question.The emphasis very quick can pass with several dozen several digital unrest, speaking of the actual combat, the fighter aircraft time checks the excessively many missile attack different goal to be able greatly to weaken own mobile and the strain capacity, is not advantageous for own prompt mobility, the radar working mode active status is not the best precision model, tracks while sweeps the model to be able to have the certain degree to the radar probing range the influence, because needs to search a great angle, cannot use the fine wave beam to carry on the high accuracy the survey and the resolution, the profile repetition rate only can by the medium repetition rate or the high repetition rate primarily, to a heading not goal effectMisses, a dozen many attacks missiles hit probability can reduce greatly.On the one hand with on the other hand sweeps the ability which this model the vital significance does not lie in has how many simultaneously to attack, he was lets the pilot simultaneously have in the attack has grasped the certain battlefield condition the information ability, but did not look like before had to use the simple target model to carry on the track, but also had to shine the goal until the missile hit, that kind of situation pilot basic was unable through the radar to learn actually whether other aeroplanes have become the threat to other party, as well as coped with promptly most has the threat the goal.Records from the present actual combat looked that, not yet appears the simultaneous firing check to shoot down 2 above goals, but may think this is a tendency, it needs the scanning velocity quicker phased-array radar the support.
Annihilates - 10 to look by today standard that, was the typical light fighter aircraft, often this category of fighter aircraft most carried in 4 to be apart from the missile generally to add on two infrared short-range missiles, the participation compared the long-distance range when the combat only can carry in 2 to be apart from the ball 2 short-range balls.Considered from this angle that, the too long-distance radar and complex shoots controls the technology simultaneously to install on this kind of fuselage does not take into account, simultaneously also can add the aeroplane enormously the construction cost and the complex degree.Some was extremely interesting in the ground demonstration military force picture, annihilates - 10 fighter aircrafts to hang has carried 6 3 kind of different models missiles.The most flank is the more common PL-8 missile, its primary form is Israel's strange snake - 3 missiles.Is suffering the PL-8 missile is tightly in is apart from the air-to-air missile, shoots the forehead to have not not long appears externally the wire channel, after middle the wing careful observation may see is may move, the contour and US's house sparrow missile is same, judges this is short very much on China's aeroplane saw the PL-11 missile, it is develops in the Italian Arab League Si Parke davis co's foundation, but Italy is from US's house sparrow AIM-7E-2 development.The Chinese early time had demonstrated the F-8 II fighter aircraft has carried this kind of missile, is different with the Arab League Si Parke davis co's primary form house sparrow missile broad application, even if was executes the interception task/role F-8 II aeroplane in China all carries 4 PL-8 missile, does not carry this missile, with US's EP-3 conflict F-8 II aeroplane is this kind of configuration, this kind of aeroplane was China domestic only may carry and use this missile at that time the operational platform.
The common international observers all thought China gave up this model missile, this kind of semi-active guiding missile low altitude ability is bad, the form of operations is stereotypical.Jan extrapolated possibly is this missile developing process is not smooth, China purports to overcome the missile the inherent flaw, but spent the very long time to carry on the development, down to the investment use time excessively was late, but a more advanced missile afterwards achieved might use the state, possibly had as the transition-period produces and has assembled some, the quantity should not be many.In annihilates - on 10 fuselages to see once more, this explained annihilates - 10 radars and fire control is has emanates the air-to-air missile which this category of semi-active radar guides, from another facade explained annihilates - 10 radars compared to the outside anticipated to be able complex very many.The most inside missile completely has not demonstrated the contour, but the warhead place does not have the wire rib, middle the wing is fixed, this should be the outside guessed many PL-12 advanced centre are apart from the air-to-air missile, its for sale abroad model SD-10 picture displayed it has used the popular tail vane check, the unique belt forward-swept cuts the sharp triangle wing is best identifies the symbol.Looked from the picture that, the PL-12 missile wing wingspan is smaller than many PL-11, is equal approximately to the AIM-120A criterion.Uses the active radar detection unit, the ability which the union inertia and instruction relaying revises, with AIM-120, the R-77 electronic structure is similar.The worth noting is, this kind of missile body diameter and the house sparrow series missile criterion is same, probably 200mm, the Chinese plan has not used internationally popular reduces the body diameter to reduce the anti- mode, but trades says it, this kind of missile has the greatly heavier rocket motor, the big warhead, explained China the massive large-scale bomber aircrafts and the large-scale battle aeroplane which has to US and Russia has made quite many considerations to the missile design target, a bigger diameter may hold the diameter big detection unit antenna, US's AIM-120 calibre 178mm, the use diameter 114mm plate antenna, but China in 96 yearsZhuhai 航展 demonstrated the active radar detection unit antenna diameter achieves 140-150mm, may anticipate Chinese the system carrier has the major range coverage.According to 航展 at stated that, this detection unit useful effect is away from about 25-30km, is slightly farther than the American AIM-120 on homing-head range.
In the FC-1 sales propaganda, PL-12 export model SD-10 declared has 70-80km most greatly the firing distance, this way, this model missile has a AIM-120 intermediate stage improvement raid of performance.The great volume meant inevitably the great weight, this kind of missile cannot certainly be lighter than the house sparrow series missile, estimated the weight in 220 arrives between 250Kg.This is all heavier than AIM-120 and R-77, can affect the carrier vehicle when the certain degree the missile to carry the quantity and carries the missile the manoeuvre cabability.The next table we will annihilate the missile which - 10 will possibly use to list, the PL-8 partial data will quote the strange snake - 3, but the PL-11 data will quote the Arab League Si Parke davis co, the PL-12 data acts according to the Jan early time the criticism.
Annihilates - for 10 at present not to load clothing hung at full length to the place weapon flight picture, only a some precious ground demonstrated the picture already analysed the massive information, we attempted to continue to excavate more valuable informations, in this picture displayed the aeroplane carried the terrestrial weapon were very few, 4 500kg level 500-4 low resistivity aviation BoB!!!2 7 unite the 90mm aviation rocket projectile emanation nest, if loads clothing hung at full length the plan according to this, in addition the underbelly auxiliary oil tank and two the infrared short range air-to-air missile which used in self-defensing, on the aeroplane are occupied 9 to hang the spot.This explained at least annihilates - 10 store mounting points not to be able to be short in 9, this configuration is obviously loading clothing hung at full length which uses in supporting short-range.The picture does not have the display to have any precision guidance weapon, loads clothing hung at full length the weight probably about 3.5 tons, calculates computer in the fuel oil characteristic according to front, this configuration may provide the aeroplane to reach above 700km far the support ability, or in is apart from the airport not to surpass 400km outside the front 40 minute above to leave a blank the waiting summon ability, this is the airborne manoeuvre cabability which Chinese Air force never can obtain, this the short-range support ability which 2000 and F-16 provides the illusory image also must be stronger than.Believed Chinese Air force did not plan develops the strong 5 attack aeroplanes successor model, with annihilates - 10 this force performance to have the very big relations.But also is may see from this picture, Chinese Air force not yet completes the tactical thought the transformation, but also has not transformed from the defence air force as the combative attack air force, the pinpoint attack ability misses, the method is unitary, this displays is having the many kinds of mode of attack deficiently the precision guidance weapon.
Annihilates - 10 research and development units to provide to newly light exports fighter aircraft FC-1 the navigation electricity system to consider annihilates - a 10 mirror, because the FC-1 function and the performance requirement are lower than far annihilate - 10, the research unit will inevitably evolve the system from the mature system which set of processes will simplify to come out.FC-1 also uses even three cabins topologies, similarly used has been been called by Chinese the third generation level the comprehensive navigation electricity system.FC-1 structure basically and above similar, it has installed a set of advanced GPS/INS guidance system, the light solid state ring-like laser gyroscope inertial navigation system, can provide the high accuracy for the aeroplane other systems the aeroplane vector data, the radar computer if in the situation which the software supports, may use this signal to make the sketchier synthesis aperture computation.GPS is at present most popular guidance system, it has the price to be inexpensive, the long-distance performance good characteristic, may very easy and the electronic map matches, even may the very relaxed use popular commercial electron map
The Chinese domestic conditions possibly does not allow to depend upon American GPS, can they dubhe navigation satellite also not clear provide to this category of platform use, the traditional radio navigation device should still preserve, navigation aids and so on tacan may be GPS and the INS backup.From annihilates 7M to start, China's fighter plane has all used the digital atmosphere electrodata machine, this category uses the fax control system in particular the aeroplane, the high accuracy distributional atmosphere electrodata machine should not the exceptional equipment.Annihilates - underneath 10 computer backs and the air intake has two knives laminated forms the antenna, this is the data chain characteristic, it should be the new generation of tactical communication/digital transmission chain antenna which deploys, works in the V/UHF wave band, has the long-distance working ability, should not the exceptional use entire digit frequency-hopping/jump the wide frequency antijamming ability.Unifies tactical battlefield union information system which China develops vigorously, this enormous will enhance the aeroplane the tactical information level, in will have the early warning information under the support, the fighter aircraft might display the battle efficiency which will multiply, this point as early as in 70,80 ages on by the actual combat was proven.China uses this system, already calculated the development slowly.
The comprehensive navigation electricity foreign hangs with the weapon management system management system requirement is quite high, this system uses POWER the PC chip the high-speed computer, links through the 1553B bus and the aeroplane other navigation electricity systems, each hangs all to be possible to accept conforms to the MIL-STD-1760 standard weapon, this meant may hang carries uses western the weapon, it is said designed on had also considered the compatible Russia's weapon hung carries, but did not have the picture and the evidence indicated annihilated - 10 fighter aircrafts to be possible to hang carries Russian the missile.Through the weapon management system management system, the fire control system may understand as necessary the aeroplane carries with the use weapon condition, various carriers weapon preparation and feedback condition and so on, loads clothing hung at full length flexibly to the weapons has the very big advantage.In the before Soviet Union's -like design system, each carrier used the weapon had the strict limit, did not have the unification the standard, this caused the fire control system complex and the confusion, often an aeroplane had to use specially for its design missile and the weapon, moreover had to load clothing hung at full length in designates on the carrier, this did not favour the modern multipurpose fighter aircraft the development tendency, let the aeroplane the form of operations and the ability appears stereotypically, not easy to display the aeroplane and the weapon true efficiency.The unification flexible weapon loads clothing hung at full length with the management system management system, is precisely an advanced general purpose aeroplane inevitably guaranty.
ESM/ECM electronic countermeasure system situation not brightest, the RWR electron warning computer is part.The Chinese present radar warning receiver performance and the western level approximate, the level is unclear.Matches on the ancient Mig - 21 aeroplanes may detect many channels the radar signal, has stores 100 models the ratios to the base.The new electron alarm device is one of aeroplane most important electronic installations, estimated can have all band entire profile multichannel handling ability, and may use the INS system the high accuracy signal, the use consults the technology to obtain the supply oscillator relatively precise position, can compared to judge the supply oscillator approximately according to the database information the category even model, thus obtains the threat rank the appraisal, this system has in disguised form the radar function, is the fighter aircraft electronic installation develops with emphasis first one of devices, China lacks the good nose radar for a long time time, has spent the enormous energy to this system development, should have the very good effect.
The missile approaches the warning (MAW) the system also is a key point, annihilates - on 10 fuselages to have the very many suspicious optics window, these window suspicions were apply the distributional multi- wave bands omnidirectional missile to approximate the warning system, aeroplane nose white ellipse breaking out, because other positions the picture restricted or the exposure difference not easy to distinguish.If has used this system, annihilates - 10 to have the infrared/ultraviolet wave band the high accuracy missile launching to approach the warning device, it can see from optics wave band the missile the emanation, can to the missile localisation, be advantageous for extremely precisely the use direction detection electronic countermeasure and the direction detection can optics resistance, but also may extremely precise valid check CFD (foil strip/infrared countermeasure ball release gear) put in the disturbance ball, the appropriate opportunity delivery bait is in the self-defence electronic countermeasure system most valid also is most essential, but also may check the infrared countermeasure aircraft and electronic self-defence countermeasure aircraft opening promptly.The same system at present only then France's wind and Europe's typhoon (except the German version) has the equipment, annihilates - 10 sensors windows number to be short in a wind, from installs the position to look also should has covered the fuselage 360 air zones, if this guessed really, then annihilated - 10 先进性 really not to allow to look down upon, if could monitor this kind 360 spatial the ability applications at the close air combat, used advanced has the shoulder ability missile, in addition the aeroplane mobility, in the close air combat will be able to cause the enemy side pilot's nightmare.Once no wonder has the expert China to let loose the exportation in the worry to annihilate - 10 fighter aircrafts controls, can rob Russian massively the client, we not the light fighter aircraft which emulate with it.