New Battery Technologies

Why hydrogen? Why not something less explosive?
Just an old habit, water will do the same, or better mercury in the outer space. Could be combined with a slingshot propulsion and so become a nice combination for Mars missions....
 
I suppose, multi walled could mean, that the inner flywheel housing could rotate in the outer housing in case of a flywheel disintegration to prevent the vehicle from a catastrophic spinning.
Catastrophic spinning could be avoided by having two counterrotating flywheels in the same vacuum chamber, all but guaranteeing that if one goes, so will the other.

The much bigger potential issue is that if the vacuum is breached, the flywheel will quickly convert its enormous kinetic energy into thermal energy and explode. The good thing is that in a world where carbon nanotubes of very high strength are being mass produced to make flywheels, that means they can also be used to make extremely strong composites to contain a potential explosion.
 
Honestly, I'm quite sceptical when it comes to mass produced carbon nanotubes for flywheels and the safety concerns for vehicle application will reduce the potential to a small fraction of that what is theoretically possible. Using two flywheels doesn't really help, they would both have to disintegrate at the same time. Even if this could be guarantied, the amount of energy released in case of a crash is much higher than a load of TNT!

It's a nice stuff for science fiction and might be interesting at first for space crafts. There is a nice vacuum in space and no need for housings and sealing, which makes a nanotube flywheel much more practical. Cost limitations and safety concerns are much less server than on earth.

It might also be useful for submarines or under water drones.
 
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Is it possible that a nanotube flywheel would oxidize into carbon dioxide before it could produce dangerous projectiles?
 
Again, that could make the flywheel into a very useful explosive.

Explosives are not useful in every applications, like e.g. cars...

Note, the amount of energy stored in such an hypothetical flywheel would be higher than everything which can be achieved with chemistry!

Since the flywheel is housed in a vacuum it cannot be oxidized in case of a disintegration until the housing is shredded to pieces, after this event, yes a mixture of fine carbon dust molten or even gaseous carbon will happily react with a atmosphere which messes up the situation even more....
 
Explosives are not useful in every applications, like e.g. cars...

Note, the amount of energy stored in such an hypothetical flywheel would be higher than everything which can be achieved with chemistry!
Still, explosives have their uses in mining and excavation and obviously for military and ever since dynamite and TNT hit the scene well over a century ago, we have not seen a step change in energy density in that field, except for nuclear weapons, but that's a whole other story

Since the flywheel is housed in a vacuum it cannot be oxidized in case of a disintegration until the housing is shredded to pieces, after this event, yes a mixture of fine carbon dust molten or even gaseous carbon will happily react with a atmosphere which messes up the situation even more....
The most likely scenario for a flywheel failure would be from loss of vacuum, so the oxidation will happen within what's left of the housing.
 
In this case, the oxidation would be a very slow process and the flywheel would hopefully be slowly deaccelerated by air resistance without overheating and ''rapid oxidation''' (alias explosion).

However, you might have note the fatigue limits in the paper, which implies, there is a very real statistic chance (Gauss distribution) of premature mechanical failures which will cause disintegration => massive explosion, when the full potential is used. Therefore I highly doubt, that the full potential will ever be used in any civil application.
 
Another high power density energy storage medium is the supercapacitor. Increasing its energy density is simply a matter of increasing its surface area.
 
They can also explode, but their energy content is just a fraction of that stored in the ideal carbon tube flywheel.

Its hard to imagine a housing which could contain a disintegrating flywheel, note the stored energy would be much higher than that of any chemical reaction! The Carbon would turn to Carbonsteam mixed with superfast shrapnel's, this will blast any housing which would fit into a vehicle.
 
They can also explode, but their energy content is just a fraction of that stored in the ideal carbon tube flywheel.

Its hard to imagine a housing which could contain a disintegrating flywheel, note the stored energy would be much higher than that of any chemical reaction! The Carbon would turn to Carbonsteam mixed with superfast shrapnel's, this will blast any housing which would fit into a vehicle.
Where there's a will, there's a way.

Because the flywheel would be so small and light, they could add a lot of impact absorbing material.

Nanotubes can also act as strain sensors, providing notification of impending failure.
 
Keep in mind, no carbon fibre structure is made out of carbon fibres alone, you need a resin to keep it all together. When spinning several times with the speed of sound, it will become difficult to keep the resin attached, it is only bonded by adhesive forces to the fibres. If the outer layers of the resin start to fall off, the process of desintegration will start.

Since fibres can take load only in one direction, it is not so easy to built at flywheel out of them. You might make it as a ring structure, but than you have to integrate at least some magnets in it, which add weight but little additional strength. Or you might use spokets to attach the magnets on a smaller radius were the forces are less critical, but than you get a mix out of radial and tangential fibres which have to be connected somehow. The resulting structure will be less efficient than a theoretical perfect ring structure.

Can you keep 10 kg of TNT in a barrel by adding some magic adsorbing materials?
 
Keep in mind, no carbon fibre structure is made out of carbon fibres alone, you need a resin to keep it all together. When spinning several times with the speed of sound, it will become difficult to keep the resin attached, it is only bonded by adhesive forces to the fibres. If the outer layers of the resin start to fall off, the process of desintegration will start.

Since fibres can take load only in one direction, it is not so easy to built at flywheel out of them. You might make it as a ring structure, but than you have to integrate at least some magnets in it, which add weight but little additional strength. Or you might use spokets to attach the magnets on a smaller radius were the forces are less critical, but than you get a mix out of radial and tangential fibres which have to be connected somehow. The resulting structure will be less efficient than a theoretical perfect ring structure.

Can you keep 10 kg of TNT in a barrel by adding some magic adsorbing materials?
Carbon nanotubes and carbon fibers are different things. Nanotubes don't need resins to join together, they readily bundle
 
I can only read the short introduction, is there any hint that no resin is necessary? How to built the flywheel including the attachment of the magnets?

I guess, a kind of magnetic leverage is the only appropriate solution for an ultra high spinning device (not really suited for vehicles).
 
All the literature I've seen about carbon nanotube bundles make no mention of resin. Maybe it's simple friction that does the work.
 
Probably no one has ever done a real life part out of Nanotubes... I guess, even the bundles can be considered as fibres and not as a rope.
 
Probably no one has ever done a real life part out of Nanotubes... I guess, even the bundles can be considered as fibres and not as a rope.
That's because nobody has managed to make large numbers of nanotubes of uniform length and quality.

Screenshot 2025-07-30 at 11.19.53 PM.png
If carbon nanotubes are too unrealistic, how about diamonds? It's easy to imagine making a torus shaped diamond and progress is being made on making diamonds cheaper.
 
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Chemistry has been advancing
https://phys.org/news/2025-07-physicists-previously-unknown-microscopic-mechanism.html
"During the experiments on individual water molecules, we observed very early on that there appear to be two types of water molecules on the calcite surface. This was astonishing, as no difference between these water molecules had previously been observed in the literature in a closed water layer," says Dr. Rahe, in whose junior research group "Molecular Quantum Structures" at the School of Physics the experiments were carried out.

https://phys.org/news/2025-07-salt-crystals-surfaces-liquid.htmlThe new research may, in fact, allow better control of a crystallization processes required to remove salt from water in zero-liquid discharge systems. It can also be used to explain how and when scaling happens on equipment surfaces, and may support emerging climate technologies that depend on smart control of evaporation and crystallization.

Perhaps attempts at having better batteries that didn't seem to pan out in the past can be re-tried.

Just in:
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-08-ai-tools-alternatives-lithium-ion.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-08-microscopic-imaging-reveals-electric-layers.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-08-simple-algorithm-electron-microscopy-lithium.htmlhttps://phys.org/news/2025-08-platinum-calcium-alloy-nanoparticles-efficiency.html
 
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That's because nobody has managed to make large numbers of nanotubes of uniform length and quality.

View attachment 779790
If carbon nanotubes are too unrealistic, how about diamonds? It's easy to imagine making a torus shaped diamond and progress is being made on making diamonds cheaper.

I would like to see a rotating diamond in a glass housing in the engine bay :)

Most materials can only bear a fraction of the theoretical limitation (strength of the chemical bonding). Producing fibres enables to get closer to theoretical strength but loosing the ability to transfer forces in two of three directions. Monocrystal Diamonds could be an option, but we will have to wait until a 10 kg Diamond will become affordable..

For Sci-Fi, I would like to see how we enter space with a space elevator (made of Nanotubes) and enter a spacecraft driven by a flywheel with slingshot propulsion. This way, we could travel to Mars and back purely with mechanical energy.
 
I would like to see a rotating diamond in a glass housing in the engine bay :)

Most materials can only bear a fraction of the theoretical limitation (strength of the chemical bonding). Producing fibres enables to get closer to theoretical strength but loosing the ability to transfer forces in two of three directions. Monocrystal Diamonds could be an option, but we will have to wait until a 10 kg Diamond will become affordable..

For Sci-Fi, I would like to see how we enter space with a space elevator (made of Nanotubes) and enter a spacecraft driven by a flywheel with slingshot propulsion. This way, we could travel to Mars and back purely with mechanical energy.
Screenshot 2025-08-01 at 11.00.15 AM.png

Engineers in the 70s devised ways that "super flywheels" could be designed solely from fibers.
 
Self-adaptive electrolytes and other advances
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-08-electrolytes-stability-fast-high-energy.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-08-ultra-thin-smart-filter-significantly.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-08-fast-zinc-ion-batteries-flip.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-08-approach-thin-toxic-energy-storage.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-08-cheapest-ev.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-08-quasi-solid-electrolyte-safer-greener.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-08-power-recycling-lithium-batteries-sustainable.htmlhttps://hackaday.com/2025/08/20/thermal-batteries-for-lower-carbon-industrial-processes/https://techxplore.com/news/2025-08-circular-batteries-dry-cathodes-recycled.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-08-adhesive-harvests-electricity-enabling-battery.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-08-lifespan-large-scale-safe-energy.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-08-eco-friendly-upcycling-spent-batteries.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-08-battery-breakthrough-electric-car-range.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-08-ai-life-safety-electric-vehicle.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-08-betavoltaic-battery-standardized-comparison-tools.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-08-recycling-lithium-electric-vehicle-batteries.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-08-electrolyte-enables-rapid-disassembly-easier.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-08-ai-electrolyte-additive-combinations-battery.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-08-membraneless-battery-cheaper-greener-carbon.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-08-evs-climate-pollution-analysis-powertrain.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-08-sustainable-age-batteries-safer-company.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-lithium-batteries.htmlhttps://hackaday.com/2025/08/17/practical-guide-to-pedal-powered-electrical-generators/
Fuel cell
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-08-vapor-oxide-ion-fuel-cell.html
Electricity measurement
https://phys.org/news/2025-08-quantum-device-amperes-volts-ohms.html
ions
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-humidity-hidden-power-ions-generating.html

Digital twin
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-scientists-unveil-digital-twin-tech.html
 
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View attachment 779954

Engineers in the 70s devised ways that "super flywheels" could be designed solely from fibers.
None of these shapes are suitabel for a fibre only design. The bar shape e.g. on the very left, doesnt make sense without sheer forces. The shorter fibres are just underutilisiesed. It is also unclear, how the fibres will be attached to the shaft. Just arranging them to a bar and drawing a shaft going through the middle is no solution.
 
None of these shapes are suitabel for a fibre only design. The bar shape e.g. on the very left, doesnt make sense without sheer forces. The shorter fibres are just underutilisiesed. It is also unclear, how the fibres will be attached to the shaft. Just arranging them to a bar and drawing a shaft going through the middle is no solution.
Magnetic bearings might work
 
Doesnt help a lot when you rely on the strong chemical bonding forces between C-C. Any weakpoint will limit the potential.
 
More on flywheels
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-08-britain-energy-grid-flywheels.html
Battery tech
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Power pod
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-09-world-fastest-ultraefficient-silicon-carbide.html
Fuel cells
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-09-3d-fuel-cells-reshape-sustainable.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-09-fuel-cell-catalyst-powering-heavy.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-09-flexible-solid-electrolyte-high-fuel.html
Just in
 
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Battery improvements
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Battery/Green tech intersect
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-10-ai-based-method-optimize-photovoltaic.html
Military base tested
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-10-power-outage-resilience-military-bases.html
Other stories
https://arstechnica.com/science/2025/09/research-roundup-six-cool-stories-we-almost-missed/https://phys.org/news/2025-10-saturday-citations-bird-news-vultures.htmlhttps://phys.org/news/2025-10-millions-sea-analysis.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-10-swiss-solar-furnaces-recycling-watchmakers.html
The atomic battery
https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2025/10/nuclear-tritium-betavoltaic-battery-for-space-missions.html
 
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Recent improvements:
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-faster-longer-solid-state-batteries.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-10-ai-high-battery-electrolytes.htmlhttps://phys.org/news/2025-10-evs-quickly-energy-intensive-cleaner.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-10-bridging-boundaries-dense-thick-electrodes.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-10-battery-particle-brightness-true-story.htmlhttps://phys.org/news/2025-10-advanced-electron-microscopy-reveals-nanoscale.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-10-safer-lithium-ion-battery-thermal.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-10-solid-state-battery-reveal-key.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-10-3d-porous-safer-longer-lithium.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-10-generation-battery-fluoride-based-solid.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-10-electronic-fiber-liquid-metal-droplets.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-solid-electrolyte-enables-stable-fast.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-climate-battery-stability-extreme-temps.htmlhttps://phys.org/news/2025-11-solvent-relay-strategy-electrolytes-lithium.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-silicon-carbide-based-motor-enables.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-electrolyte-solid-state-batteries-stability.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-dangerous-short-circuits-lithium-batteries.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-uncovers-oxygen-voltage-loss-sodium.html
polymers
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-10-concentrationcontrolled-doping-ptype-polymer-semiconductor.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-10-ubiquitous-polymer-flexible-conductor-wearable.html
All electric home
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-10-electrified-house-slashes-energy-bills.htmlhttps://hackaday.com/2025/11/06/diy-powerwall-blows-clouds-competition-out-of-the-water/https://hackaday.com/2025/11/04/lithium-ion-batteries-why-they-demand-respect/
ship
https://hackaday.com/2025/11/08/what-has-5000-batteries-and-floats/
ceramics
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-ceramic-material-pair-potential-safer.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-10-good-vibrations-ceramic-material-harvests.htmlhttps://phys.org/news/2025-10-nanoscale-thermoelectric-effects-perspectives-energy.html
Magnetic advancement
https://phys.org/news/2025-10-strong-magnetic-field-duality-materials.htmlhttps://phys.org/news/2025-11-generation-energy-conversion-materials-simple.html
Keep the shells! I need them for nacelle greebles
…worse than Starlinks…
 
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Battery talk
https://hackaday.com/2025/11/23/expensive-batteries-hide-cheap-tricks/https://hackaday.com/2025/11/09/target-the-best-aa-and-take-no-flak/https://hackaday.com/2025/11/10/tes...g-kills-smartphone-batteries-and-other-myths/https://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-plasma-based-method-efficient-catalysts.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-quantitative-batteries.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-cathode-chemistry-slashes-discharge-grid.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-simulations-electrolytes-batteries-future.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-recharge-recycle-reactor-battery-lithium.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-lithium-batteries.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-carbon-electrode-enables-wh-class.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-solid-state-sodium-batteries-safer.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-specs-burgeoning-sodium-ion-batteries.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-korea-ultra-high-voltage-dc.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-12-molecular-membrane-lithium-batteries-safer.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-range-ev-batteries-longer-gel.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-12-virtual-battery-paves-electric-vehicle.htmlhttps://phys.org/news/2025-12-wetlands-toxic-metals-battery-debris.htmlhttps://phys.org/news/2025-12-ray-imaging-reveals-silicon-anodes.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-solid-state-batteries-space-effects.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-12-zinc-ion-batteries-boost-dendrite.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-12-multifunctional-carbon-titanium-composite-material.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-12-blue-jean-dye-batteries-greener.html
Wires
https://phys.org/news/2025-11-silver-nanowire-electrodes-surge-coating.html
Wireless
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-randomness-precision-generation-wireless.html
Greener tech
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-11-joule-method-recovers-lithiumion-battery.htmlhttps://phys.org/news/2025-11-free-alternative-essential-electronics-component.htmlhttps://phys.org/news/2025-11-access-tool-world-metalorganic-frameworks.html
Carbon capture
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-12-candy-technique-simpler-capture-carbon.html
Noble gases
https://phys.org/news/2025-12-argon-ion-treatment-carbon-nanowall.htmlhttps://phys.org/news/2025-12-silver-infused-zeolite-efficiently-xenon.html
 
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New tech
https://phys.org/news/2025-12-ultrafast-highly-reversible-sodium-storage.htmlhttps://techxplore.com/news/2025-12-aluminum-stabilizes-high-nickel-cathodes.html
Cell production
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-12-ceramic-electrochemical-cell-production-temperature.htmlAs power demand surges in the AI era, the protonic ceramic electrochemical cell (PCEC), which can simultaneously produce electricity and hydrogen, is gaining attention as a next-generation energy technology. However, this cell has faced the technical limitation of requiring an ultra-high production temperature of 1,500°C. A process that previously required 1,500°C can now be completed at just 980°C.

In other words, a world-first ceramic electrochemical cell fabrication technology has been created that produces high-performance electricity at a low temperature without damaging the electrolyte
.

https://techxplore.com/news/2025-12-reservoir-thermal-energy-storage-efficient.htmlPublished in Applied Energy, a techno-economic analysis led by Hyunjun Oh, David Sickinger, and Diana Acero-Allard—researchers in NLR's energy storage and computational science groups—has demonstrated a system to cool data centers more efficiently and cost-effectively.

The approach, called reservoir thermal energy storage (RTES), stores cold energy underground then uses it to cool facilities during peak-demand periods.


More
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