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Message: <blockquote data-quote="overscan (PaulMM)" data-source="post: 12811" data-attributes="member: 1">Russian Air force looks at Chinese J-10 (2) (objective also profound criticism)Two incidents occurs which at the 46th session of Paris aerospace exposition have aroused the west intelligence service's interest, first one is responsible for carries on the technical negotiations with Russian Astronavigation Department SAFRAN group subordinate Sa Remu the defence security company (Sagem Defense Securite) person in charge Alfonso Paredes to tell me (this article author), Russia's technical personnel and the pilot recently continuously to collect the illusory image fighter plane certain tactical skills and the structure craft are interested extremely.In with the France side discussed improves Russia system Mig - 29/29K and in the Soviet - 27/30 fighter aircraft process using the France advanced electronic technology, the Russian transfers continuously unintentionally the topic to them feels the interest the scope, and attempts to use other modes many times from personally place to obtain these resources.Alfonso Paredes tells me to say that, France side is by the manner which quite has a frank and sincere talk handles this incident, the French proposed solves both sides by the transparent public mode to be interested the question most serves the duplex benefit.However stems from the France side to anticipate, the Russia side acknowledges them the reason that to have the interest to the illusory image 2000 fighter aircrafts certain tactic technical questions stems from they own reason.Mainly was is responsible to produce Soviet - 27 (this computer was called annihilates - 11) the Chinese Shenyang aeroplane industry group in repeatedly to the Sukhoi designing bureau to complain recently, produced the Soviet - 27 fighter aircrafts by them in to produce “the dragon” with the Chengdu aeroplane industry group in the type fighter aircraft field manoeuvre to suffer defeat one after another, in particular in 04 years in the Chinese northwest zone “the airborne large-scale military training exercise” centre, “the dragon” the type fighter aircraft Soviet - 30MKK and Shenyang which 引以为傲 to Chinese Air force annihilates - 11 to initiate has attacked and has gained 压倒性 the victory!This caused to prepare to equip massively originally annihilates - 11 Chinese Military to change the purchase intention.Considered “the dragon” type fighter aircraft itself is develops under France's help, this computer has “the thrust in the French aviation industrial world interior to strengthen the version the illusory image 2000-5” saying, therefore Russia just now so impatiently collects the related illusory image fighter plane the information and the information.Certainly this incident itself reequips the aspect to France and Russia in the military aircraft the cooperation to produce by no means any affects not good.In moreover in this 航展, comes from keeps card - Sa Toon (Salyut) representative leaf 甫 Gainey•The Mar fall branch husband indicated to commercial daily paper reporter that, besides the newest signature to the Chinese exportation value 300,000,000 Dollar 100 AL-31FN contract, Salyut also will finally obtain Chinese Air force other 150 advanced versions AL-31 the contract.Leaf 甫 Gainey•The Mar fall branch husband indicated that, these AL-31FN all will install in the Chinese self-restraint annihilates - 10 “the dragon " on the type fighter aircraft, but will not be introduction Russia system Soviet - 27 and 30 fighter aircrafts.Leaf 甫 Gainey•The Mar fall branch husband also further indicated, will produce AL-31FN for China will be uses the newest technical the thrust enlargement mode.From in the air operated topology question which afterwards exposed looked that, Israel's design truly has not had a thorough understanding and grasps the short-range coupling duck (to lift) the formula topology, they superposed the duck wing topology and the wing root one half, like this might produce the best near pair to add rises the effect.But they have not noted some malpractices which designs like this, the prototype expose the aeroplane the operation to have the question, is not flexible, the drag is big, the range could not achieve by far requirement and so on, needs to carry on the very big modification to the air operated topologies to be able to answer the purpose, this is no different with a redesign section new aeroplane.Very difficult to believe this kind of section not mature aeroplane design, may sell extremely as the technical output.Looked from the China public aviation industry history information that, China most as early as has not started in some success model to contact the canard shaped design, for instance annihilates - 9.The restricted information displayed that, annihilated - 9 plans as early as to start in October, 1964 to plan, at that time Chinese Shenyang Aircraft factory (presently Shenyang Airplane Industrial corporation) mimicking the Mig - 21 aeroplanes which introduced from the Mikoyan designing bureau.At the same time, in Shenyang, the Chinese only fighter aircraft design research institute (601st) already started to plan Chinese at that time the next generation fighter aircraft.In order to in order to safe, proposes a twin engine and a single shot design proposal.They all are carry on the enlargement in the Mig - 21 foundations the model.Looked like China did not satisfy at that time the Mig - 21 this kinds in that time performance extremely outstanding front fighter aircraft, hoped had the range far long range interceptor, satisfied in its general boundaries the air defence for the nation question.Installs two engines the models to name as the F-8, but installs an engine the fighter aircraft to name for annihilates - 9.In these two plans, the F-8 was first considered that, and persisted develops, finally evolves into is similar to the Soviet - 15 such air defence high-speed interceptors.But annihilates - 9 plans to hide continuously in mystically secretly, from emerges to the end, very little has any information to publicise.In April, 1965, Chinese Military required in the new aeroplane development to invest at that time the operational object setup for the United States military the Vietnamese war main force fighter plane F-4B, this was the future 15 years to 20 years in American and even the western world main force fighter plane, in fact always to 40 year after today, the F-4 fighter aircraft all still in the western nation use, this tactical goal formulation was quite appropriate.Receives the second generation of fighter aircraft academic ideological trend the influence, the upper air high speed ability demand is enlarged specially, the new aeroplane requirement has compared to the Mig - 21 greater ranges and the cruise duration.Annihilated - 9 and the F-8 plans the different pathway, it was different with the F-8 only is simple - 21 enlarges the Mig and uses two oil consumption high R-11 engine, annihilated - 9 plans to use at that time the extremely advanced turbo-fan engine, (606th) was responsible by Chinese Shenyang Engine Research institute to develop the thrust is the 8500kg new engine forms a complete set for it.In 1965 1 to April, Chinese Air force after the ponder, proposed first time to annihilates - 9 plans tactical requirements:1. Prominent ground attack performance, proper attention to both interception performance.The aeroplane mobility must - 21 (China be called in the upper air compared to the Mig annihilates - 7) well, must - 19 (China be called in the low altitude compared to the Mig annihilates - 6) well.When ground attack combat, the maximum speed is not smaller than Mach 2.3, most is greatly highly 18000 to 20000 metres.The combat radius is not smaller than 450 kilometers;2. The double 25 quotas, refer to the aeroplane the maximum speed to have to achieve Mach 2.5, the biggest flight altitude must amount to 25000 metres.The combat radius is 350 kilometers;3. Airplane gross weight check about 14 tons;1 and 2 requirements are in fact two different conditions, the air force hoped the research unit may select meets requirements.The above requirement issued in April 12, 1965.601 face many model design task/role, in May, extracts approximately 10% design strength to annihilate - 9 in the same year to launch the reference design.Considered is carrying on the Mig in at the same time former Soviet Union itself - 23/25 with the Soviet - 15 aeroplanes developments, says regarding the China this kind of emerging industrialised country, develops this kind of kind of brand-new high performance fighter aircraft is conceivably the how difficulty.Was precisely because of so, before this 601 research institutes carries on to the national technical strength has known the real situation, simultaneously dispatched the expert carefully to study the American F-4 wreckage which obtained in the Vietnamese battlefield.After a year investigation and study, 601 in April, 1965 to the higher authority department proposed annihilates - 9 4 air operated topologies design proposal.These plans all selected the normal arrangement which two sides let in air, the structural design experience have come from the Mig - 21.Ⅰ.The predestined affinity angle of sweep-back is 50 arrow-head wingsⅡ.The predestined affinity angle of sweep-back is 55 arrow-head wingsⅢ.The predestined affinity angle of sweep-back is 57 deltasⅣ.Double angle of sweep-back double delta& # x6839; & # x636E; & # x65E9; & # x5728; & # x7C73; & # x683C; - 19& # x65F6; & # x671F; & # x7684; & # x7814; & # x7A76; & # x7ECF; & # x9A8C; & # x8868; & # x660E; & # xFF0C; & # x901F; & # x5EA6; & # x5982; & # x679C; & # x8981; & # x8FBE; & # x5230; & # x9A6C; & # x8D6B; 2.0& # x4EE5; & # x4E0A; & # xFF0C; & # x540E; & # x63A0; & # x7FFC; & # x7684; & # x524D; & # x7F18; & # x540E; & # x63A0; & # x89D2; & # x6700; & # x597D; & # x5927; & # x4E8E; 60& # x5EA6; & # xFF0C; & # x8FD9; & # x6837; & # x5927; & # x89D2; & # x5EA6; & # x7684; & # x540E; & # x63A0; & # x7FFC; & # x4F4E; & # x901F; & # x65F6; & # x7684; & # x6027; & # x80FD; & # x6076; & # x5316; & # x5267; & # x70C8; & # xFF0C; & # x5F88; & # x5927; & # x7684; & # x6C14; & # x52A8; & # x5F39; & # x6027; & # x53D1; & # x6563; & # x9020; & # x6210; & # x7684; & # x626D; & # x52A8; & # x5BF9; & # x7ED3; & # x6784; & # x5F3A; & # x5EA6; & # x4E0A; & # x63D0; & # x51FA; & # x5F88; & # x5927; & # x7684; & # x96BE; & # x9898; & # x3002; & # x5982; & # x540C; & # x7C73; & # x9AD8; & # x626C; & # x8BBE; & # x8BA1; & # x5C40; & # x5728; & # x8BBE; & # x8BA1; & # x7C73; & # x683C; - 21& # x65F6; & # x6240; & # x9047; & # x5230; & # x7684; & # x95EE; & # x9898; & # x4E00; & # x6837; & # xFF0C;Ⅲ& # x53F7; & # x65B9; & # x6848; & # x7684; & # x4E09; & # x89D2; & # x7FFC; & # x770B; & # x4E0A; & # x53BB; & # x6027; & # x80FD; & # x6700; & # x597D; & # xFF0C; & # x65E2; & # x80FD; & # x786E; & # x4FDD; & # x9AD8; & # x901F; & # x6027; & # x80FD; & # xFF0C; & # x53C8; & # x6709; & # x8F83; & # x957F; & # x7684; & # x7FFC; & # x5F26; & # x548C; & # x673A; & # x4F53; & # x8FDE; & # x63A5; & # xFF0C; & # x5F3A; & # x5EA6; & # x5904; & # x7406; & # x8F83; & # x4E3A; & # x5BB9; & # x6613; & # xFF0C; & # x540E; & # x6765; & # x53C8; & # x56E0; & # x4E3A; & # x673A; & # x52A8; & # x6027; & # x65B9; & # x9762; & # x7684; & # x8981; & # x6C42; & # xFF0C; & # x5C06; & # x673A; & # x7FFC; & # x540E; & # x63A0; & # x89D2; & # x6539; & # x4E3A; 55& # x5EA6; & # xFF0C; & # x91CD; & # x65B0; & # x547D; & # x540D; & # x4E3A;Ⅳ-Ⅰ.& # x975E; & # x5E38; & # x6709; & # x8DA3; & # x7684; & # x662F; & # xFF0C; & # x8FD9; & # x4E2A; & # x8BBE; & # x8BA1; & # x65B9; & # x6848; & # x548C; 20& # x5E74; & # x540E; & # x4E2D; & # x56FD; & # x63D0; & # x51FA; & # x7684; & # x8D85; & # x4E03; & # x8BA1; & # x5212; & # x7684; & # x5E03; & # x5C40; & # x51E0; & # x4E4E; & # x4E00; & # x6A21; & # x4E00; & # x6837; & # x3002; & # x5F53; & # x65F6; & # x8BA4; & # x4E3A; & # x8FD9; & # x79CD; & # x65B9; & # x6848; & # x7684; & # x5E03; & # x5C40; & # x662F; & # x5728; & # x7C73; & # x683C; - 21& # x4E0A; & # x8FDB; & # x884C; & # x4E00; & # x5B9A; & # x7684; & # x653E; & # x5927; & # x800C; & # x6210; & # xFF0C; & # x7ED3; & # x6784; & # x548C; & # x6C14; & # x52A8; & # x4E0A; & # x628A; & # x63E1; & # x6BD4; & # x8F83; & # x5927; & # xFF0C; & # x4E0D; & # x5B58; & # x5728; & # x7279; & # x522B; & # x7684; & # x96BE; & # x70B9; & # xFF0C; & # x53EF; & # x884C; & # x5EA6; & # x975E; & # x5E38; & # x9AD8; & # x3002; & # x4E8E; & # x662F; & # x51B3; & # x5B9A; & # x4EE5; & # x8FD9; & # x4E2A; & # x578B; & # x53F7; & # x4F5C; & # x4E3A; & # x53D1; & # x5C55; & # xFF0C; & # x4ECE; 1966& # x5E74; 9& # x6708; & # x5230; 1967& # x5E74; 2& # x6708; & # xFF0C; & # x5927; & # x91CF; & # x7684; & # x98CE; & # x6D1E; & # x6570; & # x636E; & # x663E; & # x793A; & # xFF0C; & # x6B7C; -9Ⅳ& # x7684; & # x6027; & # x80FD; & # x4E5F; & # x4E0D; & # x591F; & # x7406; & # x60F3; & # xFF0C; & # x5C24; & # x5176; & # x662F; & # x673A; & # x52A8; & # x6027; & # x8F83; & # x5DEE; & # xFF0C; & # x4E0D; & # x80FD; & # x7B26; & # x5408; & # x8981; & # x6C42; & # xFF0C; & # x6C88; & # x9633; & # x98DE; & # x673A; & # x8BBE; & # x8BA1; & # x6240; & # x5728; & # x98CE; & # x6D1E; & # x7684; & # x8D44; & # x6599; & # x7814; & # x7A76; & # x4E2D; & # xFF0C; & # x63D0; & # x51FA; & # x4E86; & # x65B0; & # x7684; & # x5927; & # x65E0; & # x5C3E; & # x4E09; & # x89D2; & # x7FFC; & # x8BBE; & # x8BA1; & # x7684;Ⅴ& # x53F7; & # x65B9; & # x6848; & # xFF0C;Ⅴ& # x53F7; & # x65B9; & # x6848; & # x91C7; & # x7528; & # x524D; & # x7F18; & # x540E; & # x63A0; & # x89D2; & # x4E3A; 60& # x5EA6; & # x7684; & # x65E0; & # x5C3E; & # x4E09; & # x89D2; & # x7FFC; & # xFF0C; & # x7FFC; & # x9762; & # x79EF; & # x9AD8; & # x8FBE; 62& # x5E73; & # x7C73; & # xFF0C; & # x4F7F; & # x7FFC; & # x8F7D; & # x8377; & # x6781; & # x4F4E; & # xFF0C; & # x63D0; & # x9AD8; & # x4E86; & # x673A; & # x52A8; & # x6027; & # xFF0C; & # x540C; & # x65F6; & # x4EE3; & # x521A; & # x521A; & # x51FA; & # x73B0; & # x7684; & # x6CD5; & # x56FD; & # x7684; & # x5E7B; & # x5F71;Ⅲ& # xFF0F;ⅤAll is the mobile good tailless delta successful model, was at that time the extremely advanced configuration, the supersonic performance and the mobile union is quite good.& # x4E0D; & # x8FC7; & # x8FD9; & # x4E2A; & # x5E03; & # x5C40; & # x65B9; & # x6848; & # x6BD4; & # x6CD5; & # x56FD; & # x7684; & # x5E7B; & # x5F71;Ⅲ& # xFF0F;Ⅴ& # x5927; & # x5F88; & # x591A; & # xFF0C; & # x5BF9; & # x8BBE; & # x8BA1; & # x548C; & # x5236; & # x9020; & # x63D0; & # x51FA; & # x4E86; & # x5F88; & # x9AD8; & # x7684; & # x8981; & # x6C42; & # xFF0C; & # x9996; & # x5148; & # x662F; & # x96F6; & # x5347; & # x529B; & # x77E9; & # x7684; & # x64CD; & # x4F5C; & # x6027; & # x95EE; & # x9898; & # xFF0C; & # x800C; & # x540E; & # x53D1; & # x73B0; & # x5347; & # x964D; & # x526F; & # x7FFC; & # x7684; & # x521A; & # x6027; & # x548C; & # x63A7; & # x5236; & # x529F; & # x7387; & # x90FD; & # x662F; & # x5F53; & # x65F6; & # x5DE5; & # x4E1A; & # x5236; & # x9020; & # x5F88; & # x96BE; & # x514B; & # x670D; & # x7684; & # x6280; & # x672F; & # x96BE; & # x9898; & # x3002; & # x8FD9; & # x79CD; & # x60C5; & # x51B5; & # x4E0B; & # x5728; 1968& # x5E74; 4& # x6708; & # xFF0C; & # x4E2D; & # x56FD; & # x8FD8; & # x662F; & # x6B63; & # x5F0F; & # x4E0B; & # x8FBE; & # x4E86; & # x6279; & # x51C6; & # x6B7C; - 9 & # x603B; & # x4F53; & # x8BBE; & # x8BA1; & # x65B9; & # x6848; & # x7684; & # x901A; & # x77E5; & # xFF0C; & # x8981; & # x6C42; & # x6B63; & # x5F0F; & # x6309; & # x7167;ⅤThe number plan launches the comprehensive development.At that time was being in the Chinese history extremely to make the time — — Great Cultural Revolution which one confused, was in vogue offers a gift the activity, the department concerned even planned let annihilate - 9 to plan raises comprehensively fast, strove for front flies in October, 1969 on the heaven, caught up with to the 20th anniversary commemoration.In the front socialist countries, this action is any 新鲜事 by no means.But this is not an impossible speed — — research institute to branch out 10% technical force in the technical history to want merely to complete such difficulty the work is simply Arabian Nights.ⅤThe number plan faces the technical difficult problem has not always obtained the valid solution, but then Chinese was being in hysteria frantically politics centre, the normal scientific research and the production has been completely chaotic, V plan basic was unable to carry on naturally, even on already stopped in July, 1968 to annihilating - 9 developments.As the official tone, shirks the responsibility the history which cannot understand to a section, obviously the reason, did not consider at that time the identical research institute's another parallel project F-8 carried on extremely smoothly, completed the general equipment department in 1968, in 1969 completed to fly, might believe like this, at that time China's aviation scientific research strength was not formidable, even if beforehand Soviet Union's standard looked all was extremely weak, very difficult to imagine a small scale in the research institute at the same time to be possible to complete two completely different aeroplanes designs task.As the design institute, the F-8 series obvious is the main force development model, is insufficient in the resource and the technical strength in the situation, stops to guaranty the main force development, is the reason selection.Chengdu aeroplane design institutePossibly is the taking this into consideration, China resolved so-called “the third line construction” (was similar in 西南面 in war of national defence Ural strategy production base) centre migrates the aeroplane design and the manufacture part of pasts.In 1969, separated part of manpower physical resources from Shenyang Airplane Research institute to migrate to Chengdu, has established Chengdu Airplane Research institute (611th), special annihilated - 9 plans developments responsibly, avoided the parallel model disturbance which the earlier period appeared.In 1970, Chinese Air force recarefully examined has annihilated - 9 development plans, considered soon developed the successful F-8 fighter aircraft upper air high speed ability basic forming, no longer urgent needed to use in specially the upper air high speed interceptor aircraft, the military modifies once again to has annihilated - 9 performance indices. On June 9, 1970 after-cropped the requirement to be as follows:1. The main operational mission transforms from the interception into the escort and ground attack, the mobility is friends with, the manoeuvre cabability must be bigger than 8g;2. In order to guaranty can to the light bomber escort, the combat radius must be big, must be bigger than 800~1000km;3. The maximum speed may be slightly low, should not be smaller than Mach 2.2, best achieves Mach 2.5;4. The steady-flight ceiling should amount to 25000 metres;5. Weight check about 13 tons for suitable.But in November, 1970 short not to half year in, the Chinese Air force's idea changed, to the research and development unit proposed pair of 25 too low, double 28 too high, double 26 just good, the requirement peak velocity achieved Mach 2.6, the steady-flight ceiling amount to 26000 metres.In front of fickle Chinese Air force, beforehand all design proposal all could not use.Chinese Air force this fickle identity continuously denounced by the Chinese aviation industrial world and the war industry, it is said in annihilates - 10 developments and annihilates - in 11 manufacture domesticallies processes this category of situation still to sometimes occur.This indicated the air force is unable throughout with the development unit between on the new technology and the project utilisation reaches the consensus of opinion, this situation also appeared in the past in former Soviet Union's aviation and the war industry.Continuously to 1985 before, Ahl Baht and the air force as well as the air defence unit all need a more force department to carry on the coordination with various designing bureaus between.After period of time research, annihilated - 9 air operated topologies reto carry on the thorough change, selected the massive models in the original V plan foundation to carry on the wind tunnel test, most hopeful was uses the canard the model, during experimented two sides to let in air massively the plan which let in air with the abdomen.The final conclusion is, the double 26 plans requirement too is high, Shenyang Aircraft engine Research institute (606) designs 910 (afterwards 涡扇 6) the turbo-fan engine operating performance was unable to achieve that altitude.Annihilates - 9 to plan time faced with the difficult position which 无以为继.Hereafter soon, the one misfortune after another matter occurred.In 1972 China has introduced Si from England the shell Mk202 engine technology, 606 need to invest the complete energy into in this engine manufacture domestically work, the original necessary 910 engines suspend the development, annihilates - 9 to transfer the topic research.Interesting is, because introduces Si shell Mk202, Moscow once thought China very quickly will develop new goods come into the market a generation of fighter aircraft.Considered MK202 is England uses in the F-4 fighter plane which the royal air force equips, former Soviet Union believed China very quickly will complete the single shot the light fighter aircraft and the twin engine large-scale interception/attack aeroplane.In fact succeeded utilises Mk202 the engine the Chinese FBC-1 fighter bomber continuously only then gradually to have the operational capacity after 1996.In 1975, while Moscow soon obtains the illusory image III fighter aircraft for China from France the news to feel worried at the same time, then 三机部 (aviation ministry of industry's predecessor) reported the Central Committee of the CCP national defence council (to be similar former Soviet Union ministers council war industry committee organisation) to require to reduce annihilates - 9 partial quotas, caused it to change realistically.On February 18 obtains the answer in the same year, agreed continues in the modification quota to develop.The new design requirement is as follows:1. The peak velocity guaranties in Mach above 2.3, achieves Mach 2.5 as far as possible to 2.6;2. The steady-flight ceiling changes 23000 metres;3. Overloads most greatly 8g;4. Maximum climb rate 220 metres/seconds;5. Computer in fuel oil maximum range 2000km, the combat radius is not smaller than 600km;6. Airplane weight check in 13 to 14 tons.& # x8FD9; & # x4E2A; & # x7ED3; & # x679C; & # x5C31; & # x7B97; & # x4EE5; & # x4ECA; & # x5929; & # x7684; & # x773C; & # x5149; & # x6765; & # x770B; & # x4E5F; & # x5F88; & # x9AD8; & # xFF0C; & # x7279; & # x522B; & # x662F; & # x9759; & # x5347; & # x9650; & # x3002; & # x5728; & # x9AD8; & # x5EA6; & # x3001; & # x901F; & # x5EA6; & # x5C31; & # x662F; & # x4E00; & # x5207; & # x7684; & # x5B66; & # x672F; & # x6F6E; & # x6D41; & # x4E0B; & # xFF0C; & # x5C01; & # x95ED; & # x7684; & # x4E2D; & # x56FD; & # x4EBA; & # x4E5F; & # x6DF1; & # x6DF1; & # x53D7; & # x5230; & # x5F71; & # x54CD; & # x3002; & # x6210; & # x90FD; & # x98DE; & # x673A; & # x7814; & # x7A76; & # x6240; & # x6839; & # x636E; & # x8FD9; & # x4E00; & # x6700; & # x65B0; & # x7684; & # x6307; & # x6807; & # xFF0C; & # x4EE5; & # x539F;Ⅴ& # x8BBE; & # x8BA1; & # x7684; & # x65E0; & # x5C3E; & # x4E09; & # x89D2; & # x7FFC; & # x4E3A; & # x57FA; & # x7840; & # x5C55; & # x5F00; & # x6DF1; & # x5165; & # x7684; & # x578B; & # x53F7; & # x7814; & # x7A76; & # xFF0C; & # x6839; & # x636E; & # x524D; & # x671F; & # x7684; & # x4E00; & # x4E9B; & # x8D44; & # x6599; & # x548C; & # x51B3; & # x8BAE; & # xFF0C; & # x5F62; & # x6210; & # x4E86; & # x7F29; & # x5C0F; & # x673A; & # x7FFC; & # x9762; & # x79EF; & # xFF0C; & # x589E; & # x52A0; & # x524D; & # x7FFC; & # x7684; & # x65B0;Ⅳ-Ⅰ& # x65B9; & # x6848; & # xFF0C; & # x5176; & # x540E; & # x7ECF; & # x8FC7; & # x4E00; & # x5E74; & # x591A; & # x7684; & # x98CE; & # x6D1E; & # x7814; & # x7A76; & # xFF0C; & # x4E0D; & # x65AD; & # x7684; & # x4F18; & # x5316; & # x6C14; & # x52A8; & # x53C2; & # x6570; & # x548C; & # x6027; & # x80FD; & # xFF0C; & # x6700; & # x540E; & # x5F97; & # x5230;Ⅳ-ⅢThe final topology, had determined annihilates - 9 fighter aircrafts finally the air operated topology, launches the system by this the official design, to 1978, has completed entire computer pulls the design, during to the aeroplane navigation electricity, the craft, the aerodynamic heating, the dynamic system and so on several dozens difficult problems has carried on the valid coordination and the research, and 11 obtains the certain degree the solution.When aeroplane very many components are made all, the first aeroplane starts prepares the general equipment department time, another Chinese politics great change brings to this project ruinous attack, an upper formation paper had issued an order, annihilated - 9 permanently to discontinue.The Great Cultural Revolution ended, the Chinese adjustment mentality, the preparation enters afterwards lets the world shock the economy soar “the reform and open policy” the time, the nearly all war industry plan is put all aside and the giving up, leans economy of technology ability the national, changes the consumer industry system the development, such time big transformation gives up the overwhelming majority military exploration foundation receive in exchange for the economical national strength the enhancement is huge needs to have the courage and wisdom the gambling plan, it must gamble Soviet Union and US all cannot make war in the quite long time with China or appear the friction.Must know at that time the Chinese army just finished it in Vietnam's military action, Ahl Baht is organising with all one's strength to Vietnam's new turn of military assistance.Simultaneously former Soviet Union is entering the high tide phase to Afghanistan's large-scale military action, thus causes the Soviet army to carry on from China's northwest direction possibly encircles into.However on in this time, the Chinese leaders started is known as “the new long march” the reform and open policy movement, and has obtained the magnificent success.To today, China already successfully developed into the economical great nation, but Moscow went all out the national strength consumption in each category of state-of-art military technology, so that the former Soviet Union huge strength also was unable to withstand the load, instantaneous disintegrated.Was still in the lead until today Russia in the very many military technology, but perhaps spent more time in the economy also with difficulty to pursue on the Eastern neighboring country advance step.Former Soviet Union's military intelligence organisation probably is in the 80's initial period knew China is developing or said develops has annihilated - 9 this model fighter aircraft.(Is famous Qinghua University originally) in Beijing, China Aerospace Institute in a crude exhibition room, came from Japanese and other western nations students and reporter accidentally between has detected this model wind tunnel model and wooden 1:72 models.Through the contrast which carries on after the central hydrodynamics research institute catches a chill the test, our expert obtained this model to be supposed to belong to the F-8 identical time product this conclusion.At that time also some one view thought this computer is the China new turbo-fan engine test aeroplane, or is for test the confirmation computer which the new generation of air operated contour makes.Annihilates - 9 is one kind uses the tailless delta the aeroplane (before basis article to be supposed to have forward wing), still keeps secret very most according to today, the scarce extremely crude three graphs through some historical data fragmentary expositions, the graphics information which disseminates according to the China aviation industry the beginning of 90's, this computer master data is:Aircraft commander:18 metresWingspan:9.7 metresWing area:50 square metresPredestined affinity angle of sweep-back:60Forward wing:Fixed angle of setting 3 cut the sharp delta, leading sweep 55, the wing area 2.53 square metresAir intake:The bilateral type sloping plate dual multishock may send in the gas channel, the contour is similar to US's F-4B.Power:606 910 turbo-fans engine, normal thrust 71.3kn, maximum thrust 122.4kn, afterwards this section engine renamed 涡扇 6, completed the development when the beginning of the 80's the thrust reached as high as 132.2kn.The engine contains a ratio is 0.93-1.0, weight 2000kg.Tare weight:The estimate is approximately 9260kgComputer which states as follows oil: 4200kg, the coefficient is approximately 29.3%Normal total weight:14230kgTakes off normally the thrust ratio:0.87 (0.94, 涡扇 6G value)Air fight thrust ratio:1.05 (1.13, 涡扇 6G value)Most ambassador uses the overload:8gRange:Computer in the fuel oil estimates 2100kmRadar:205 radars, biggest probing range 75km, the track is away from 55Km, AN/APQ-72 and the AN/APQ-120 radar wreckage analysis improvement design which from Vietnam originates according to the estimate in which obtains the American F-4 fighter aircraft matches.But after develops into the SL-5 radar as if, is used by another type F-8 B.Weapon:Thunderclap - 4 missiles 4, semi-active radar guiding, as if ever have not developed crosses successfully, probably has 18-28km the firing distance, is similar in the early house sparrow missile.And annihilates - 9 three views from the above parameter to be possible to see, China Israel's young lion which appears in 60/70 age development this section single shot light fighter aircraft and the same time has the surprising similarity, all is adds the fixed forward wing in the tailless delta foundation the topology.Considered looked from the history, Israel in 80's before and China is at the hostile state, and China was at extremely the self- seal state at that time, not greatly possible two to exchange the design.But China the performance parameter which annihilates - 9 plans to unfold all slightly is higher than the young lion, in three views massive Migs aeroplane breath, lets the human feel this kind of design style the Soviet-type affective tone.Although annihilates - 9 real prototypes not to be possible to supply the appraisal, some characteristics may carry on the restricted analysis.Reaches as high as 1.0 from 涡扇 6 engines to contain compared to be possible to see, annihilates - 9 aeroplanes ranges is regarded extremely as important, it the F-8 oil consumption is definitely lower than full brothers, in similar carries under the oil and the weight, annihilates - 9 aeroplanes to be supposed to have is farther much ranges, greatly contains mediocre compared to 涡扇 the engine, should not suit the upper air high speed work, the Mach 2.5 designs requirement has the possibility to be unable very much to complete, but perhaps 23000 metres steady-flight ceilings also are the illusion general illusory.This category of 涡扇 engine best working space is in highly 9000 metre below air zone, manifested fully has annihilated - 9 to take the escort fighter the true colours.However this had a problem, discontinues after the Nanchang strong - 6 plans, annihilates - 9 to have the extremely low wing load and the great thrust ratio superfighter like this goes for who to escort?The high subsonic speed bang - 6 (imitates very obviously from chart - 16) should not take the selection the object.Some people once asserted will annihilate - 9 to be able to be two generation of computer centre mobile best aeroplanes, but the question key will be this computer first must be able to make and carries on the test flight.It is a pity, is similar to these flooding not to complete the plan which remains obscure in the historical rivers to be same, this kind of illusory fighter aircraft only will leave behind Chinese Air force to empty outside sedulously this serial number commemoration, nobody will meet recalls to mind.Has spent the massive chapters discussion and annihilates the aeroplane which - 10 none who does not are connected, is not plans to compete, but is for let everybody have a more thorough impression to the itself extremely mystical China military aeroplane development system.Nixon visits China after from the 70's, Chinese and the western nation relations are day by day close, considered NATO in Europe facing the Soviet Union huge conventional weapons superiority, US will take with the hope China to treat as specially in the far east diverts the Soviet Bloc military force the important balance point, for will be anxious Europe to lighten and reduce the pressure.But the extreme backwardness China military equipment not impossible to bear such task/role.Soviet Union has the huge numerical advantage in Europe the conventional weapons and is deploying the formidable group army, if makes a military threat spot in a far east Soviet Union weaker abdomen, may force Soviet Union to divide forces, enormous lightens and reduces European the pressure.The west starts under this significant strategic background to relax to China's military technology exportation control, in entire 80's, even has the quite big encouragement the degree to persuade the Chinese government to purchase western the advanced weapon, some advanced fighter aircrafts start to enter Chinese the line of sight.First considers is US's F-16 fighter aircraft, this kind of aeroplane on enters China in the very early time along with the capercailye to demonstrate in front of the government senior officials.Chinese extremely surprised F-16 demonstrated the third generation fighter aircraft extremely outstanding performance, resolved will have the condition the speech first to consider will purchase F-16.On outputs in China and America on the F-16 output as well as US to Taiwan's munitions bargains back and forth, the Chinese detected they also may purchase French the illusory image 2000C fighter aircraft.Thereupon the Chinese government sends out the massive military inspection group to go to Europe, many times the test flight and has appraised the illusory image 2000C fighter aircraft, England's kite type and the strong winds fighter aircraft.After the relative integrity and the thorough test flight, in the Chinese aspect detected the illusory image 2000C low-altitude flying performance is quite outstanding, but the upper air ability basic and the domestic operating aircraft is impartial, electronic installation advanced reliable.The minor defect in something otherwise perfect the RDM radar which is it matches is inferior to American F-16 the AN/APG-66 radar to be advanced, latter has not had under regards the ability.The overall performance compared to domestic already started to equip is similar the Soviet - 15 F-8 II not to have the quantitive leap, also the price was extremely expensive, was unable by the 80's China's economic potentiality to achieve the enough purchase quantity radically.After the Chinese was inspecting the western fighter aircraft earnestly, thought Chinese and the western difference biggest lies in the flying platform, but lacks the advanced aviation electronics, the performance outstanding airborne radar approach, is unable to implement the interception high-speed target urgent need long-distance range attack capability in particular.Thereupon China and US achieved have installed the American APG-66 radar using the F-8 II platform the protocol, simultaneously as if also prepared this radar to install the small Mig - 212 sides to let in air the version super 7 centre.Dragon soaringIs in the cold war to confront for a long time in the crevice Chinese to understand that, cannot rely on other country excessively on the new fighter aircraft, China must launch to the next generation fighter aircraft development work, otherwise will be unable to safeguard own sky.In 1984, China in will inspect the western advanced aeroplane later to start in the national scope to carry on own advanced fighter plane technology stratification plane research plan.Preliminary design plan contrast delivers which through several research institutes, in 1986, new generation of fighter plane plan official determination.The new aeroplane is named for annihilates - 10, hands over (611) is responsible by Chengdu Airplane Research institute to research and develop, Chengdu Airplane Company (132 factories) is responsible to make, the engine (606) is responsible by Shenyang Aircraft engine Research institute to develop.Looked, this and initially annihilated - 9 plans secondary roles to be entirely alike.But background story as if not that simple, regarding the air force world, 1982 Beica valley land air fight had the extremely special status, Israeli Air force and looked facing the match formidable numerical advantage could not be resisted under the place empty superiority obtained the victory, this regarding the world military domain all was an enormous shocking.The Chinese leader extremely astonished detection, Israel equips the young lion fighter aircraft unexpectedly annihilates - 9 with Chinese own development to have several minute similar, this fighter aircraft displays in two wars quite outstandingly, but theoretically annihilates - 9 to have a more outstanding performance, this without doubt has the huge influence to the Chinese high level subconscious tendency.At the beginning of the 80's, on international already started to the fourth generation of fighter aircraft idea, Europe's France and England proposed respective wind and the EFA plan, Sweden has also unfolded the JAS-39 plan, is in the war focal point Israel also accidentally to propose own lion type plan frequently.In China, split two factions to the advanced fighter aircraft development, (601) a primarily part of technical personnel and US contacted many by Shenyang Airplane Research institute, thought mimicking F-16 is China most needs, advocated strongly studied voluntarily imitates F-16 to carry on own light advanced fighter aircraft plan, the air-mapping aeroplane may through the special diplomatic channel from US or other national introductions, was on good terms Pakistan with China and Egypt all successively has equipped F-16.But Chengdu Airplane Research institute (611) used oneself many year research to annihilate - 9 aeroplanes experiences, coordinate research then international tidal current, proposed the direct development next generation fighter aircraft, the air operated contour annihilated - in 9 foundations in the early time to use flexibly has all moved the forward wing the canard, was similar with Europe's new generation of fighter aircraft structure and the performance.In in the aviation department's internal emulation, 611 ideas performance as if conforms to Chinese Air force to the advanced fighter aircraft anticipation, but annihilated - 9 to affect the upper formation favorable impression with young lion 相似度 in the certain degree, 611 submitted the report has studied France carefully in from the illusory image 3 to the illusory image 2000 fighter aircrafts in the development and the progress mode, has provided the clear development feasible road map, but Shenyang's plan relied on the instable foreign purchase, two legs walked are the Chinese conservative thought one mode, also was one kind the mode which protected oneself in the difficult conditions.Thereupon China high level chose Cheng Fei to annihilate - 10 plans, but let Shenyang carry on the F-8 II improvement plan balanced strategy which cooperated with US.Annihilates - 10 dense fog big curtains, from this time on unzips officially.The duck (lifts) the formula topologyWhy at that time has the international on new generation of fighter aircraft all as if by prior agreement used the canard?This kind first can fly from Brother Wright the aeroplane ancient air operated topology is at nearly continuously in the aeroplane history leaves uncultivated the state, the early aerodynamics research is unable to solve the canard stability problem and the forward wing air current to the host wing harmful disturbance.But the canard most tempts human's merit to lie in its air operated balancing all is, does not look like in the normal arrangement which completes with the lifting force the tail wing always to use the pressure to hold the aeroplane to be balanced, this one negative brings the very big lifting efficiency interpolation.But the forward wing harmful interference in airflow lets this topology in the very long time the superiority pause merely in theoretically.The 60's intermediate stages, Sweden's aerodynamic force scientist Professor behrbohm detected the canard the short-range coupling phenomenon, the forward wing may through select an appropriate position, using forward wing turbulent flow union main plane churning advantageous disturbance, aeroplane lift coefficient and l/d obvious adding, but also has provided the bigger angle of attack flight performance, this research achievement has caused the Sweden SAAB-37 thunder type aeroplane appearance, further develops the JAS-39 Gripen.After this air operated achievement announcement, aroused the various countries interest, France, England, US, Germany has all launched the broad thorough research and the experiment.But these achievement research and development time are all late, has not been able to apply in on the western development third generation fighter aircraft.The third generation fighter aircraft has mostly all used the big side strip technology, this also is one kind of use turbulent flow adding airfoil lift, the expansion wing normal angle of attack technology, with the short-range coupling canard different is, the strip wing is fixed cannot be adjusted, the aeroplane use condition and produces the effect quite is all unitary, but the canard forward wing participates in the balancing operation, is dynamic, may check the use detaches the turbulent flow technology, belongs deepens the use to detach the turbulent flow technology advanced air operated topology.Now is called three generations of half aeroplane all is has settled on using the canard this topology merit.The Sweden scientists once summarised as follows:1. provides the balancing lifting force.　　Canard all air operated air-foils all provide the lifting force to the aeroplane, the short-range coupling might overcome the forward wing the disadvantageous disturbance to transform as the adding lift coefficient advantageous disturbance, the overall lift coefficient effect is still higher than the normal arrangement.2. further uses detaches the turbulent flow, sharpens the big angle of attack flying ability.　　The canard aeroplane most major characteristic is when the big angle of attack the duck wing 涡 may lighten and reduce the wing stall, thus provided in a big way has been possible to use the lift coefficient, expanded has been possible to use the angle of attack boundary, enhanced under the big angle of attack state l/d.3. May provide when the big angle of attack stable lowers the head the moment of force normal arrangement aeroplane, specially designs the static unstable aeroplane, the wing approaches the centre of gravity, when big angle of attack wing stall, the fore-body and the wing the frontal area causes the aeroplane not to be possible to contain pitches up the tendency, says regarding the majority aeroplanes, this kind pitches up may not recover, the Soviet - 27 designs is ingenious, its Pu will add the tall husband cobra is in fact the aeroplane surpasses the permission flight the elevation angle later inevitably to fling the very great angle, the Soviet - 27 all aeroplane tails faces forward.The Soviet - 27 aeroplanes can recover from in this kind of advanced stall angle of attack purely are accidentally, in this movement the aeroplane must define the velocity of approach, otherwise the too intense air current meets instantaneous on flings the aeroplane turns a somersault, cannot do well can by the formidable overload disintegration.But acts completes may achieve 120 angles of attack, this did not mean Soviet - 27 may in all be possible to fly 0 to 120 angles of attack, he may use the angle of attack limit is about 28-30, all may not use 30 to 120 this section, also cannot enter accurately, also cannot the calm exit.The canard aeroplane has the inborn superiority in the big angle of attack aspect, they may the strip technology enhance the traditional topology by way of big nearby to 28-30 may use the angle of attack further to expand, some confirmations computer declared oneself above 45 all is stable controllable.Because canard aeroplane aerodynamic centre projection often after centre of gravity after the far place, enters the big angle of attack loses speed, the aeroplane whole all is in intensely lowers the head in the tendency, not easy to have the normal arrangement to disperse the phenomenon.The big angle of attack flight ultra limit recovery security is extremely good.4. canards supersonic drag is small, suits the new generation of aeroplane to the supersonic performance, in particular supersonic cruise performance high requirement.　　The canard has two aspects to the supersonic performance compatibility:On the one hand is the canard inborn at your convenience in the aeroplane according to the area law arrangement, fuselage repairs the shape ability;On the other hand after the canard supersonic aerodynamic centre moves very slightly, the aeroplane does not need the extra balancing, the induced drag and the balancing drag low very many.5. The canard is advantageous for with the advanced check technology unifies.　　The canard aeroplane basic all is static unstable, needs to fax the control system to be able to fly, but like this also causes the canard flight flexible characteristic, its balancing and the check lifting force direction and the thrust vector direction is consistent, easier and the thrust vector forms the joint effort, this is the normal arrangement is very difficult to achieve, the check rule also greatly simplifies, US's X-31, in X-29 performance flight full demonstration this point.6. The tail-first aircraft forward wing arrangement is very easy to obtain a moment of force big position, may reduce the forward wing greatly the area, moreover deals with in the balancing in the aeroplane, the uncertain need forward wing participation, it may form the synthesis air operated balancing together with the wing trailing edge flap aileron the effect, the permission further reduces the forward wing the area, simultaneously also reduced the aeroplane balancing drag, enhanced the aeroplane to air operated operation Rong Shangxing.The outstanding air operated topology is a good aeroplane most important foundation, the tail-first aircraft like this merit to the new generation of fighter aircraft enticement is fatal, even then ATF plan also proposed the very many canard aeroplane, finally all is because considers the stealth performance only then 11 givings up.China dares to select the canard to take the new fighter aircraft topology, is and the early time annihilates the canard air operated information which - in 9 plans obtains to have the very big relations, annihilated - 9 fighter aircrafts once which to be called cannot complete the model cannot blow the wind, it is said has used several hundred different air operated topologies, has carried on several years wind tunnel exploration, has imperceptibly consummated China's in aerodynamics basic research.The initial plan estimate and today annihilates - 10 not how many similarities, at that time China's international conditions was different, further 融入 the west is the national tendency, perhaps new annihilated - 10 plans once to spend the very many energy research with China F-16 to have the very big relations, at that time China was extremely hopeful purchases American the radar and the engine, therefore, the early time annihilated - 10 designs to be similar to F-16, and the expectation purchased F-16 directly some parts.This causes the former Soviet Union military intelligence authority in very long period of time, all thought Chinese the new generation of main force fighter aircraft will be introduction US standard F-16 or the F-16 native place imitates makes lithograph plates.Continuously to 80's intermediate stages, when some is appointed Chinese Premier Li Peng to inspect the aviation industry the picture to obtain by the Headquarters of the General Staff of the CCPLA intelligence department, appeared one to be similar extremely impressively to the F-16 fighter aircraft model picture, vaguely displayed had the forward wing the existence, the air intake is not the F-16 like that simple pitot pickup, but was the transportable half circular cone multishock design, looked like the high speed aspect the requirement was higher than F-16.In the contour again displays the lion type plan which designs with Israel to have highly the similarity.Is precisely this kind of picture, west recognised nearly this aeroplane and Israel could not escape do are.In fact, Israel continuously to 1992 only then with Chinese official establishing diplomatic relations, but Israel's lion plan carried on to 1987 year's end all is keeps secret highly, this picture photography probably was the 80's mid and late parts, was a comparatively integrated plan, very difficult to believe might be so rapid from lion this kind of not mature plan in China obtains the actual transformation.Only if from the very beginning Israel is not unites the development with US, but is unites the development with China.The air intake model selection, China one instead annihilated two sides which - on 9, the F-8 used to let in air, changed to the ventral duct, this model, China as early as in annihilated - in 9 research to use, obtained the certain quantity the data, but the same time developed annihilates - 13, the strong - 6 plans all had the plan which further the thorough research abdomen let in air, to has annihilated - 10 plans phases, this model technical characteristic and the design essential factor are already grasped in China have been very skilled, massive let in air the model wind tunnel data analysis about the abdomen, with air operated design paper in China academicIn the publication publishes, this indicated the Chinese already very was familiar various ventral duct to design, why looked like F-16 specially as for the early model, that only could say, China's design personnel self-confidence missed, always thought oneself was backward, in the design had the so-called background computer and the reference computer custom, estimated annihilated - 10 plans biggest targets surmounted F-16 comprehensively.The smallest target not badly in F-16, under this kind of technical atmosphere, the early contour and the background reference model has certain similar is China's custom.But the westerner always thought others thing all is steals from their there, the Mig - 29 just in western exposure time also unexpectedly some people said the Mig - 29 was mimicking, including the blind people who F/A-18 comes all can see the Mig - 29 and the F-18 difference, but western these big mouths may talk nonsense unscrupulously on the public media, thus it can be seen western certain cold war warrior laughable custom thoughts.China in the end of the 70's to the beginning of the 80's, has carried on the massive canard exploration, has carefully studied this air operated topology some characteristics, and deepens to the extremely careful place, for instance the duck wing position and the size, later period the major emphasis lies in the optimised topology the fine position, this point may obtain the proof from Chinese own academic publication as well as the university teaching material to the canard understanding in, does not certainly have the time to be out of stock or unevenness achievement appearance, this indicated annihilates - 10 appearances, is Chinese the achievement which obtains using the basic research.The Chinese developed annihilates - 10 to spend 18 years, this development speed and the west compared are quite slow, but developed the Soviet - 27 experiences with Soviet Union to compare, also calculated almost.Annihilates - 10 development also is process very many changes and the setback.The 80's designs all are take F-16 as the background, the aeroplane device mostly considered western the device, passed through 89 year Chinese and the American relations huge transition, the western gate instantaneous has shut down, annihilates redesign which - 10 were compelled to carry on may be considered as nearly on starts from the beginning, after as soon as but was restrained unceasingly the engine selection question, the aeroplane modifies modifies again, even stopped down the waiting to have the appropriate engine.The 90's, China consummates gradually war industry standard “country military symbol” the emergence causes the aeroplane structure to modify greatly, “the country military symbol” take US's military industry standard as the reference, requires Soviet-type standard which executes originally compared to China severely many, very many new projects all were compelled reto make the compatible design, annihilated - 10 not to be exceptional, these all causes the development time very long reason.According to the initial tentative plan, annihilates - 10 fighter aircrafts to be supposed to complete the stereotypia investment use in the 95~96 year, the too many element of certainty does not let this plan delay unceasingly.If annihilates - 10 and the western nation has any relations, then closest is certainly France, on century 80's intermediate stages Soviet troops general staff intelligence department reported the Kremlin in the report in detail to enumerate France to invite Chinese Air force carefully to study and to test the illusory image 2000 fighter aircrafts, said relatively, the American only was allows Chinese Military “to look at” a F-16 aeroplane in the short distance.Through the large-scale technical subcontract production airbus aeroplane spare parts, the French aspect participates in the China aviation industry thoroughly in each kind of project, from the traditional machine manufacture, the software which designs to the aeroplane, may say the China Today aviation industry the development achievement all has with France's cooperation close relationship.Regardless of is the Kremlin or Ahl Baht has not made clear in the quite long time the subcontract airline carrier of passengers production technology and the craft as well as the managerial experience to the military aeroplane impetus function, in fact through large-scale aeroplane spare part subcontract production, not only enables China to be possible to avoid the western conservative influence to enter Chinese to the advanced technology the disturbance, also enables the Chinese aspect to be possible to promote its precise processing and the designed capacity level in the short time.Who can distinguish clearly the processing illusory image fighter aircraft and the A-300 passenger plane craft has the big difference?Recently China's signed with France has purchased 150 A-320 the protocol which produced in the Chinese native place, this indicates the west already acknowledged China in the fighter aircraft and the civil aircraft realm of production achievement and the status.Believed in annihilates - in 10 designs processes, Beijing once massively invited France the scientist and engineer carries on technical training and the instruction for theirs Chinese colleagues, even China also was completes to the country military symbol reform under France's help.Annihilates - 10 is not with Israeli relations all no.China started from 1983 through the intermediate channel to introduce Israeli the strange snake - 3 air-to-air missiles, at this time Israel's expert started with China's each aeroplane design manufacture unit to contact, was advantageous for the missile installs China on the fighter aircraft.After but 87 year Israel's lion discontinues, contacts on own initiative with China, hoped can the high price resell some related information.China had agreed this kind teaches the mode academic exchange, obtains the lion failure the experience to annihilate - in 10 processes in the development to realise the failure is more important than, with the outside guessed reverse is, the early time annihilates - 10 apparent the lion the time, China and Israel does not certainly have what contact, but when China annihilates - 10 to improve to is not same with the lion, the Israeli talented person has the little contribution.Not the clear Israeli in annihilated - in 10 plans to have the tremendous influence, China's aeroplane looked throughout all was receives French obviously the influence trace.First annihilates - 10 heads to fly the time to be quite blurred, some people said in 1992 has flown, also some people said in 1996 only then flew, but also some people said in 1998 only then flew, said from the time, 92 year not big possibilities, at that time China has not solved the good engine problem as if, should be the head which conceived originally flies the time.The engine difficult problem will be introduces Soviet - 27 later in China only then to solve in under the Russia side expert's assistance.In the public news, China was most early obtains the first batch of Soviet - 27 fighter aircrafts in 1992 year's end, therefore contacted the performance extraordinary AL-31 engine, when China started to 1996 assembled the Soviet - 27 fighter aircrafts voluntarily only then to have the opportunity further thoroughly to understand the AL-31 engine.But this kind uses in the Soviet - 27 engines uses on the single shot fighter aircraft, China must spend the long time to carry on the inspection, for uses the army for the engine working mode active status record, under each kind of condition test, estimated this also needs to spend many time, moreover and the engine production factory coordination carries on the single shot the improvement also to need to spend the time.In kept card - Sa the Toon unified body to develop the AL-31FN engine around, this kind of engine should divide into two section, the quantity which the early time provided probably is 50 to 55, estimated used in China annihilating - 10 early productions and the experiment, the engine basically continues to use the structure which - on 27 used in Soviet, the engine accessory and the engine separation, but the later period provided defers to Chinese the requirement to use the western standard, the appendix and the engine integration was a whole, the engine case appendix and the Soviet - 27 positions just right reverse.China in has ordered Soviet - 27 later not the engine fresh property right one and the purchase, they in domestic also in development performance similar engine, this kind of engine numbers FWS-10A in China, it is said is the American general F110 engine replica, already carried on may very many years, because of craft and material level limit, until has not completed recently the sign, in the China domestic air group public news also only mentioned soon completed the development to finalise, in the network had very guessed the Soviet - 27 China production model annihilated - 11 to have installs this kind of new engine, what a pity spread the picture all was insufficientProved whether real replacement new engine in, after but keeps card - Sa Toon to declare achieves 250 engines long-term sales contracts with China.</blockquote>

Verification: What year did the first man go to space? (answer has 4 numbers)