P-51B North American’s bastard stepchild that saved the 8th AF

Yes I know the difference between IAS and TAS. But, you cite "
SL for P-51B & D values are the same for the same Boost/RPM
@SL w/racks = 264mph TAS, 1800RPM, 35"MP, 46gph". In no way this is the best range speed with or without tracks! No way! At SL 185 mph IAS is no effing near 264 mph TAS.
 
See for yourself. Data with "wing bomb racks".
 

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See for yourself. Data with "wing bomb racks".
I can't see the entire page. I also can't scrape page 96 from the -51D/K Pilot's handbook to show lower right corner of
SL 1600RPM, 36"MP, 39GPH, 220TAS, 190KTS and the Legend on left side "Data as of 8-44 Flight Tests"

This is from AAF Manual 51-127-5

This data would yield straight line range with no consideration for warm, take off, or landing at the GW = 9600 to 8000 pounds.

269 gal/39gph = 6.89 hours. 6.89hrs x 220 mi/hr = 1515mi

Clearly, neither this manual with table values for 1650-7 and wing racks only, ref 8-44 Flight tests, or the Report of Range and Performance of July 1845 for P51D-15 have the same values as your T.O.

I looked at AN 01-60JE-1 tables. The lower right are indeed as you show them - and not represented in the detailed tables from the July Report. But the 5, 10 and 25K values are indeed as shown in the July 45 tests.

The explanation I would offer - if AN 01-60JE-1 table value for SL is correct, is that someone said "we want more speed @220 mph than 200mph for nearly the same range. I am curious why the July test didn't try to validate the 60JE-1 table for SL?
 
Complete page:
 

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With 2 x 75 gals:
 

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Even with wing tanks

, the combination is 1600 rpm/34" which shows clearly the effect of the Merlin's problem with relatively high low rpm limit.

Dan Whitney wrote in Torque Meter (the late journal of the AEHS) that in the Pacific the P-38s operated down to about 1000 rpm when really needed to maximize range or endurance. Manuals still clinged to the 1600 rpm "limit". For comparison, for example, R-1820 and R-2800 manuals listed cruising rpm down to 1200 rpm.

For
 
Even with wing tanks

, the combination is 1600 rpm/34" which shows clearly the effect of the Merlin's problem with relatively high low rpm limit.

Dan Whitney wrote in Torque Meter (the late journal of the AEHS) that in the Pacific the P-38s operated down to about 1000 rpm when really needed to maximize range or endurance. Manuals still clinged to the 1600 rpm "limit". For comparison, for example, R-1820 and R-2800 manuals listed cruising rpm down to 1200 rpm.

For
You realize that P-38 had cross feed between main tanks and the ability to shut down and feather the prop? And was not in serious danger of being attacked over 500 miles of water? That RPM/Hp range is STRICTLY to seek endurance, not maximize range. Indued drag dominates parasite drag in that speed range, due to high angle of attack/high CL.

You realize the the RH table values for True Air Speed for both 51-127-5 P-51D Pilots Manual (and July 45 flight tests) for each altitude range 35000 to 5000 are the same as the data presented in 01-60JE ? Same engine, same airframe, year later.

I'm also wondering why, in 01-60JE-1 Tables the 'clean' P-51D cruise of 200mph TAS is the same for 2x75gal combat tanks, namely 200mph - but higher GW and fuel consumption for the 2x75 tank config? 900 pounds lighter with less drag than 2x75 config -

but same low SL cruise speed? Definitely something wrong.

I think the 200mph cruise in the 01-60JE table value for 'clean' in wrong and should be 220.

Now - to the discussion of 1600 RPM vs 1000 RPM. Why do you think 1000 RPM and very low HP yields a better range (not dicussing Loiter/endurance)? You start looking at the Power values that yield highest CL/CD and that is ~ where CDtotal is at its lowest value when comparing Parasite Drag with Induced Drag - to find where they equal each other.

Last - who cares if Merlin recommeded maintaining 1600 RPM vs Allison or P&W? That is only 300RPM above manual power settings for warm up of the Merlin Mustang.
 
Yes I know the difference between IAS and TAS. But, you cite "
SL for P-51B & D values are the same for the same Boost/RPM
@SL w/racks = 264mph TAS, 1800RPM, 35"MP, 46gph". In no way this is the best range speed with or without tracks! No way! At SL 185 mph IAS is no effing near 264 mph TAS.
Back to this.
at 264mph 46gph, 1800RPM the range for the 269 gal (racks only) is 269/46 x264 = 1543 miles.

For 01-60JE table of 200mph 34gph, 1600RPM (racks only) is 269/34x200 = 1582 mi.

So, even if the value on 01-60JE table of 200mph was a true tested value - as a mission planner would you give up 39mi for 64mph more cruise speed?
 
This discussion illustrates why focusing exclusively on minimizing fuel flow (GPH) can lead to highly misleading results. Whereas using fuel-per-distance (ie. Nautical miles per Gallon) would lead to the correct conclusions.

Or in other words, every pilot knows there is a difference between best range and best endurance speeds, and in fact pilots have to juggle with several best range speeds (long range cruise vs. optimal cruise vs. max cruise etc).
 
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This discussion illustrates why focusing exclusively on minimizing fuel flow (GPH) can lead to highly misleading results. Whereas using fuel-per-distance (ie. Nautical miles per Gallon) would lead to the correct conclusions.

Or in other words, every pilot knows there is a difference between best range and best endurance speeds, and in fact pilots have to juggle with several best range speeds (long range cruise vs. optimal cruise vs. max cruise etc).
I have often calculated the mileage per gallon, just not here.
 
Back to this.
at 264mph 46gph, 1800RPM the range for the 269 gal (racks only) is 269/46 x264 = 1543 miles.

For 01-60JE table of 200mph 34gph, 1600RPM (racks only) is 269/34x200 = 1582 mi.

So, even if the value on 01-60JE table of 200mph was a true tested value - as a mission planner would you give up 39mi for 64mph more cruise speed?
There is something very fishy about losing only 39 miles for 64 mph increase. Unless the sfc curve of the Merlin is exceedingly peculiar.
 
The mileage:

P-51D at 34 gph/220 mph=6.5 miles/gallon
Allison variant as per 20 gph/200 mph=10 mph.
 
Could it be, that the 1800 rpm enabled a lower super charger drive speed than the 1600 rpm in that special case? This could explain, why the engine efficiency could be better with slightly higher rpm in this case.

Usually, lower engine speed and higher loads will result in higher engine efficiency, but not nesseccarily if you have to increase the charger speed to keep up the TAS.
 
Could it be, that the 1800 rpm enabled a lower super charger drive speed than the 1600 rpm in that special case? This could explain, why the engine efficiency could be better with slightly higher rpm in this case.

Usually, lower engine speed and higher loads will result in higher engine efficiency, but not nesseccarily if you have to increase the charger speed to keep up the TAS.
At low altitude definitely not. The low blower setting gave enough boost. On early Spitfire PNs it is mentioned that the generator may not charge below 1800 rpm.
 
Here's an interesting graph.
 

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I thought, escorting bombers was done at a quite high altitude?

I would draw the line of best LD over speed and altitude and take a look where the required power intersects with the max. engine power that can be optained without using the supercharger.
 
There is something very fishy about losing only 39 miles for 64 mph increase. Unless the sfc curve of the Merlin is exceedingly peculiar.
I am not going to dive into a rabbit hole on this, save one point. Drag is primary issue in this flight envelope - specifically Induced drag.

The induced drag at 200mph vs 264mph at SL is the ratio of respective CL^2.
CL reduces as velocity increases as shown below.

CL200 = k* 1/(200)^2; CL264 =k*1/(264)^2 where k=GW/(.5*rho*S).

CL200 is ~ 1.74*CL264
CDi@200mph= (1.74)^2 rato to CDi@264mph ~3X
While Parasite drag increases with RN, Induced drag is exponential and dominates to region of max L/D
 
I thought, escorting bombers was done at a quite high altitude?

I would draw the line of best LD over speed and altitude and take a look where the required power intersects with the max. engine power that can be optained without using the supercharger.
Without using the supercharger? How's that done with a mech. 2-speed design?
 
I thought is would be possible to disangage the supercharger isnt it?

Even so, a diffusor will work much more efficient than a charger, so that ram air (this part of the answer is generall, not especially for the Mustang) so that ram air is a better way to provide enough intake pressre than a charger. This is expecially true for charging systems with an hydraulic clutch (like on most German planes). Other than saving power to drive the charger, the higher effeciency also helps to reduce the intake temperature and allows for earlier ignition and better filling.
 
Amazing that a simple thread about a book has turned into such a long technical discussion. This should probably be adjourned to the thread "The Secret Horsepower Race by Calum Douglas (and piston engine discussion".
 
Amazing that a simple thread about a book has turned into such a long technical discussion. This should probably be adjourned to the thread "The Secret Horsepower Race by Calum Douglas (and piston engine discussion".
Actually, the Bastard Stepchild has a pretty technical Appendix. I devote a lot of ink to the wing, the cooling system, drag comparisons with other US fighters, Range, Performance comparisons, etc.

FWIIW I just sent Calum the Merlin Mustang Radiator and Oil Cooler specs for a project he is working on.
 
I thought is would be possible to disangage the supercharger isnt it?

Even so, a diffusor will work much more efficient than a charger, so that ram air (this part of the answer is generall, not especially for the Mustang) so that ram air is a better way to provide enough intake pressre than a charger. This is expecially true for charging systems with an hydraulic clutch (like on most German planes). Other than saving power to drive the charger, the higher effeciency also helps to reduce the intake temperature and allows for earlier ignition and better filling.
No, it cannot be disengaged in WW2 aircraft. As for ram air, how are you going to develop increased power on take-off without supercharging? As far as I know, of the mass-produced German engines, only the DB 600-series had hydraulic coupling and even that did not allow disengaging and the same issue of ram air not increasing power applied to them.

Only the separate 2-stage system as in the F6F/F4U allowed nominal disengaging, but even then the engine/main stage was running all the time.
 
Foo - two question por favor?

I have been asked to do a series on the Mustang, touching on differentiation between all models, the myth or 120 day design to fly cycle, eplaining the different features introduced in the design of the Mustang that contrbuted to performance (such as the wing discussion laying to rest 'laminar flow, but explaining why the airfoil delayed bounday layer adverse pressure gradients).

I have an awful lot of docs and images to souce my comments - but my presentation style is 'tell em' what you are going to tell em', introduce a point/important fact, explain why I bring that up and summarize what I just told you'.

1.) what would cause you to actually sit down and listen to the presentation?

2.) what topics/interests about the Mustang are most important to you?

Regards,

Bill
1. New data but most of what I want to see is written. Not too keen on the listening and podcast thing, my preference, I am an old git after all.

2. I like to see progression of a design and include references to the data purchased from Curtis by NA with referecne in particular to the aerodynamic data from the P-40 and it;s paper/projected replacements.

From wiki, "A myth claims that work on the XP-46 was the basis of the North American NA-73X – the prototype P-51 Mustang. While North American Aviation (NAA) purchased technical aerodynamic data on the P-40 and XP-46 from Curtiss for $56,000, and there are certain design similarities in the radiator/oil-cooler configuration of the two types, North American had already made significant progress on its design".

I would like to see real references to the later versions, including the lightweight versions, different wing variations and how they were expected to fair in actual service, threats etc.

How could the last mustangs have faired against Luft 46 etc? Not terribly important as this is always going to end up a fools errand between fanbois etc and proper historians and strategists. Interesting to watch the fallout expose poor and biassed research.

The .60 mg and possible inclusion in the new later thin wing variants, would they do it or go to cannon of various weights?

What political influences were there for and against the P-51 and how did the different constructors go about securing THEIR power/support base while damagaing their competition?

I want to know the real background opf every decision, good or bad and have a discussion on how those choices changed the face of the war as it was fought. Which decisions could have meant a better outcome?

BTW, the influence of the P-51 on the F-84 series, also fascinationes it led on, and on.......
 
1. New data but most of what I want to see is written. Not too keen on the listening and podcast thing, my preference, I am an old git after all.

2. I like to see progression of a design and include references to the data purchased from Curtis by NA with referecne in particular to the aerodynamic data from the P-40 and it;s paper/projected replacements.

From wiki, "A myth claims that work on the XP-46 was the basis of the North American NA-73X – the prototype P-51 Mustang. While North American Aviation (NAA) purchased technical aerodynamic data on the P-40 and XP-46 from Curtiss for $56,000, and there are certain design similarities in the radiator/oil-cooler configuration of the two types, North American had already made significant progress on its design".
I am definitely addressing this one in the podcast. The most interesting similarity to me is the position of the aft scoop on both the XP-46 and the P-509 presented to AFPM in March 1940. As Blackbat242 shows in his three view plus side profile, the intake scoops for both are under the pilot. The data was purchased April 11th. The first iteration from P-509 to 73X General Arrangement still shows the intake scoop under the pilot.
Pause
About the same time as 73X General Arangement side profile is dated, the Wright data arrived, the wind tunnel testing of the NACA 23016 vs NAA/NACA 45-100 begins. The pressure distributions for the radiator/oil cooler/entry scoop begin.
The iteration showing the 'to be built' vesrion of the 73X General Arangement side profile and first release to Experimental Department occur in mid May 1940. The scoop location changed.

The Mustang entry scoop, with front and back alligator jaws, takes form with the NEW intake position now located at approximately the flap line - a couple of feet rearward. Late May 1940 as NA-1620 XP-51 Specification is completed after several iterations. NA-1620 changes (incremental) as changes are made to NA-73, NA-83 and NA-91.
Pause again.
The XP-46 General Arrangement is unknown to me, but NACA performs drag study later showing three dramatic differences between the NAA and Curtiss designs.
Curtiss has Two scoops, both fixed intake. The plenums leading to radiator are very short and with dramatic slope into radiators, and very short to rear exit. The location of the aft entry scoop remains under the pilot.
NAA -one scoop, long(er) with longer and more gradual change in cross section from rectangular to circular - with gide vanes, and longer exit plenum to retain and compress heated air. Location ~ on flap hinge line.

Based on disappointing measured pressure distributions at GALCIT plus flight test results of 73X, Dr. Shenstone from RAE recommends dropping upper lip of intake scoops and removing all but CL vane. February 1941. Changes incorporated in AG345 for first test light of NA-73 by RAF

Curtiss did not change the entry scoop (aft) for the XP-46. Which first flew three+ months After 73X and two months before AG345. Lousy cooling drag results.

XP-46A moved the aft scoop back to nearly the same location as all Mustangs going forward. Does not have'upper intak lip' or design to strip boundary layer turbulence. Add adjutable alligator entry/exit doors. but no significant performance enhancements,


Who copied whom?
I would like to see real references to the later versions, including the lightweight versions, different wing variations and how they were expected to fair in actual service, threats etc.
The new NACA 66 series was different in several respects but the 'thickness' was the same - no issues mounting AN-M2 vertically. Curiously the P-51D Master Dimensions book was published in Feb 1943 - with verically mounted guns - long before jamming issues reported from ETO for the P-51B. Most importantly the leading edge of all the lightweights, P-51H and P-82 were 'straight', the Max T/C was at ~50% chord vs 37.5% of the 45-100.

The XP-51F was specified with max 180 gal of fuel (105 rt, 75 lt) and no possibilty of aft fuse tank. Fuselage Design was complete when the P-51B started development of 85 gallon fuse tank. The XP-51F/G/J were conceived as extremely high performance, medium range (same as original P-51B), Interceptors. NAA/AAF-MC in deep discussions Nov 1943 regarding installations of 4x20mm in 'P-51F' production article - but died probably because there was no particular threat requiring that model. The development of the P-51H was aspirational to not only have the performance of the F & G but also the range of the P-51D
How could the last mustangs have faired against Luft 46 etc? Not terribly important as this is always going to end up a fools errand between fanbois etc and proper historians and strategists. Interesting to watch the fallout expose poor and biassed research.
About as well as P-47M, Spit XXI I suppose - with much greater tactical footprint
The .60 mg and possible inclusion in the new later thin wing variants, would they do it or go to cannon of various weights?
The 0.60 as developmentally available was not an option. I was a kid at Eglin when my father had the 3200 Maintenance and Test Wing there. A 0.60 caliber was being tested - which from memory was a 50 cal BMG necked up to accept a .60 round. I once had a 250rnd box of inert 60's which my mother tossed when I went to Ga.Tech. That plus complete copy set of Blackhawk, Plastic Man and Superman - she wasn't being spiteful, just trying to create more living space and had no idea regarding the value.

This was also the period of GUNVAL testing of modified F-86E/F with 20mm armament.
What political influences were there for and against the P-51 and how did the different constructors go about securing THEIR power/support base while damagaing their competition?
I devoted a LOT of ink to the subject in Bastard Stephild. I believe without concrete proof that Burdette Wright had undue influence on General Echols wrt to Curtiss P-40 sales vs NAA sales of Mustang I for AAF. There were a lot of moving parts including NIH as well as Kindelberger giving polite but firm single digit salute to Echols regarding 'build P-40 for the Brits'.
I want to know the real background opf every decision, good or bad and have a discussion on how those choices changed the face of the war as it was fought. Which decisions could have meant a better outcome?
curiously I devoted a lot of ink on that subject also - but I intend to address in the Utube series. I was particularly annoyed at Greg's characterization of bomber mafia conspiring to withold combat tanks. He obviously has not studied the moving parts of AAF leadership and the command influence imposed on Echols following the Februay Fighter Conference of Feb 1942 - literally one month after Pearl Harbor. The number one priority was to extend RANGE with two branches - 1.) self sealing combat tanks, and 2.) increase internal tankage.

Both USAF Study 136 and Paul Ludwig's Long Range Escort Fighter devote more ink on the development issues than I did.
BTW, the influence of the P-51 on the F-84 series, also fascinationes it led on, and on.......
Very thoughtful, I will try to incorporate the ideas and points. I have a couple that I address now in my first two chapters of the video presentations.
 
Sorry for being late for dinner here, but I did recently purchase the book, and wow, not disappointment is putting it lightly. Best $50 I spent in a while on a "luxury" item. I hope the successor covers the P-51D, XP-51 lightweights, P-51H and XP-82/P-92B in similar detail. Maybe even more since most of the tale of getting the P-51 into widespread USAAF service and mated with the Merlin and becoming the premier bomber escort has been largely told. Problem with the late P-51s and the P-82 wasn't political hold ups, but timing due to German and Japanese surrender coming just as the XP-82 was first flying and the P-51H was being delivered/production was getting into its stride.
 
Thank you for the kind words.

I'm deep into the P-51D, XP-51F, G, J and H as we speak. I'm reluctant to take the P-82 due to lack of Specifications and the very wide and different dimensional ranges cited in other books.

You'll remember my comments on NA-117? Well the NA-117 P-51H was the production series for the P-51G andin fact discontinued because of 250 gal intenal fuel requirement imposed on all production Mustangs after January 1. The N-126 reflected the stretch version of the H to accomodate both a larger left wing main tank and the 50 gal fuse tank.
 
Too bad about the F-82. I'd hope that Boeing or maybe AirCorps would have something on that (though the latter is working on P-51B/D stuff from the stuff saved from Rockwell for aircraft restorers). The XP-82 restoration team also has an original XP-82 and P-82B flight/pilot's manual, too. There's not much out there (of recent vintage) on the F-82 or the lightweight P-51s, and your next book will at least address the lightweights.

Though I should note that SDASM does have some three view drawings from NAA of the XP-82/P-82B, P-82E and P-82F/G that have some dimensions on them (OA length, height, wing span, tail span, tail height, landing gear track), though I've only seen the preview pics and those (previews) aren't in the greatest of quality.

But back to the NA-117. How did it differ from the G, and it is identical to the mock up in the P-51H chapter of Building the P-51 Mustang? That mock up seems to have a mixture of G and H features.
 
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Most of the NA-105A drawings were "117 prefix". Looking at the drag and wind tunnel data - I haven't found a sgnificant difference...that said, most of the NA-126 drawings save the fuselage are also NA-117.

So far the primary difference is the fuel in the left wing and fuselage tank.
 
Hopefully research will put that to rest, given that the mock up I mentioned does seem to have the P-51H nose cowling and canopy/windscreen, but the wing positioning of the F/G.

I also have to correct myself here about the document I mentioned the XP-82 Restoration Team having. It's not a SAC document, it's an actual XP-82/P-82B manual by NAA that was recovered from NACA in Cleveland when their XP-82 was up there. I'm surprised that there's not more documents or plans for the F-82, given the restoration project and it's success/interest. That being said, it's known that Rockwell got rid of a lot of stuff from NAA's World War II and Cold War days before Boeing took them over, including intending on sending all that stuff that AirCorps has now to either an incinerator or a landfill.
 
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We're there any other studies on behalf of UK. carried out ? Fitting of alternate engines to Merlin ?

Just musing, cheers, Joe
 
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