Focke-Wulf 1-TL-Jager ("Flitzer")

[Johnbr]

Found this buy accident. http://skyraider.allaboutwarfare.com/files/luftwaffe/Flitzer/Flitzer.htm

 

[Johnbr]

Post2

 

[Johnbr]

post3

 

[oz rb fan]

sorry to drag up an old thread,but i'm thinking of building a flitzer turbo prop fighter and cant find much information.
was the prop mounted between the boom or in the tractor position on the nose?

 

[fockewulf261]

Flitzer was a jet, therefore no prop.

 

[Zizi6785]

There is a turboprop version:

 

[oz rb fan]

thanks..a few years ago i'd read the luftwaffe secret project's book and remembered the turbo prop (iirc flitzer 11 ) and am now thinking of building one..i was hoping for a pusher .but this looks more pretty good thanks

 

[Justo Miranda]

Turboprop version is Projekt VIII "Peterle"

 

[Stargazer]

Another photo of the Flitzer mock-up from Warbirds Illustrated #52:

 

[blackkite]

Ummm.....Original!!! Great.

 

[Vladimir]

Hi, http://www.klassiker-der-luftfahrt.de/geschichte/flugzeuge/focke-wulf-strahljaeger-projekt-p-vi-flitzer/598156?skip=4#4

 

[hesham]

Flugzeug Classic Special 11 - Projekte, Bomber, Hubschrauber, Aufklarer, Verbindungsflugzeuge,

Please note the table on picture No.3 ?,the Flitzer variants ?.

 

[Zizi6785]

Flugzeug Classic Special 11 - Projekte, Bomber, Hubschrauber, Aufklarer, Verbindungsflugzeuge,

Please note the table on picture No.3 ?,the Flitzer variants ?.

Flitzer with max. speed 70 km / h?

 

[Conspirator]

wow this design looks to be quite stable like the p38 lightning

 

[riggerrob]

Dear sean hunter,
I disagree.
Flitzer's vertical tails look much like DH Vampire Mark 1 and Flitzer has more fuselage ahead of the wing. Also remember that Vampire Mark 2 got larger vertical fins.

 

[Conspirator]

true. it also could have better roll capabilities than the p38. honestly this might have been the best idea and design the luffwaffe has made. (i can never spell that right!)

 

[riggerrob]

true. it also could have better roll capabilities than the p38. honestly this might have been the best idea and design the luffwaffe has made. (i can never spell that right!)

That's okay sean.
Improperly spelling National Socialist names and terms is a good habit. It will keep you out of jail in modern Germany. Displaying Notzi flags, uniforms, etc. singing Notzi songs, etc. have been illegal since 1945.
Do you remember the Korean tourists who threw a Notzi salute and landed in a Berlin (?) jail?

 

[Conspirator]

true. it also could have better roll capabilities than the p38. honestly this might have been the best idea and design the luffwaffe has made. (i can never spell that right!)

That's okay sean.
Improperly spelling National Socialist names and terms is a good habit. It will keep you out of jail in modern Germany. Displaying Notzi flags, uniforms, etc. singing Notzi songs, etc. have been illegal since 1945.
Do you remember the Korean tourists who threw a Notzi salute and landed in a Berlin (?) jail?

ha! a good thing? not for my history teacher! okay a bit off topic but yes. as far as i know this is pretty close to a flitzer variant.

 

[Antonio]

this is pretty close to a flitzer variant.

This is not a flitter variant.

 

[Conspirator]

this is pretty close to a flitzer variant.

This is not a flitter variant.

i said close. not A flitzer. im saying this had the same principle but a different powerplant

 

[Antonio]

Ok, I agree, both share a configuration.

 

[Conspirator]

Ok, I agree, both share a configuration.

its almost a complete replica but better....... stolen plans meybe?? spies???

 

[newsdeskdan]

Ok, I agree, both share a configuration.

its almost a complete replica but better....... stolen plans meybe?? spies???

de Havilland developed the Vampire's twin-boom configuration nearly two years before Focke-Wulf came up with the Flitzer. I believe work on the DH.100 aka 'Spider Crab' commenced in late 1941. FW didn't reach the Flitzer configuration until late 1943 - at around the same time that the first DH.100 prototype was making its first flight.
There is no evidence, however, that FW knew anything about the DH.100/Spider Crab/Vampire. It was just a coincidence that both companies adopted the same twin-boom solution for keeping the hot jet exhaust away from the tail control surfaces.
And the twin-engine two-seater de Havilland DH.110, later Sea Vixen, was developed from the Vampire - with design work commencing after the war had ended. No spying was therefore necessary. Did de Havilland draw any influence from Flitzer for the DH.110? I don't think they needed to - they might have been surprised by the similarity between the Vampire and Flitzer, but if they were I don't know of any evidence for it.
If anything, de Havilland would have been more greatly influenced by what was captured from Messerschmitt. As part of the CIOS intelligence effort (where experts from industry were sent into Germany alongside intelligence officers to study captured technology in the field) a team from de Havilland was sent to Messerschmitt's Oberammergau facility (where the company's design and experimental engineering team was based towards the end of the war) and, I believe, spent a few weeks there. Their post-visit report makes for interesting reading.

 

[Wurst]

My 1:72 scale Flitzer. I wanted to show the wooden mock up:

 

[Justo Miranda]

Focke-Wulf 1-TL Jäger Projekt IV

​

Variant of the Projekt III designed in December 1943 with important aerodynamic modifications to reduce the drag coefficient. Air-intakes shifted 10 cm down and the 'S' shaped air ducts were gradually integrated into the sides of the fuselage, covered by aerodynamic fairings of greater length.


The twin tailfins were transformed into twin tail booms, a configuration based on the experience acquired by the firm during the construction of the Fw 189. The wingspan was also reduced by 30 cm, increasing the chord at the wing root by 15 cm and the sweep angle of the leading edge up to 19 degrees.

These modifications allowed the installation of two cannons at the wing roots simplifying the maintenance and reducing the weight of the nose. The main undercarriage legs were shortened even more and the wheels were housed in a ventral bay that also contained four J2 fuel tanks. The low power of the Jumo 004 turbojet would have required the use of long take-off runways that did not abound in the Reich. The Bad Eilsen Projektabteilung decided to install two RATO solid-propellant rockets of the type R109-502, with 771 kp peak thrust each, on the back of the ventral bay.


The modifications were considered insufficient by the RLM that demanded to reach a maximum speed superior to that of the new types of Allied fighters that were expected to enter service by the beginning of 1945. Projekt IV was cancelled in January 1944.

Ironically, in September 1942, the enemy had used the same aerodynamic solution in the design of the de Havilland Vampire, one of the most successful post-war fighters that came to be manufactured in 16 versions and used by the air forces of 30 countries.

Technical Data​

Airframe: light alloy and steel

Wingspan: 8.8 m, length: 9.5 m, height: 2.6 m.

Power plant: one Jumo 004 C turbojet rated at 1,015 kp static thrust.

Armament: four Mauser MG 213/20 rapid-fire cannons.

 

[Justo Miranda]

Focke-Wulf 1-TLR Jäger Projekt VI​

Anticipating that the Technisches Amt would reject Baubeschreibung Nr.279 (Proposal P.011.001) because of its T-tail configuration, Kurt Tank proposed to the RLM the construction of a more conservative, twin-boom design fighter called Flitzer (February 1, 1944).

Flitzer was described in the Baubeschreibung Nr.280 dossier as an air-superiority Moskitojäger, with turbojet/rocket mixed powerplant, which could be constructed using a 52 per cent of steel, a 45 per cent of light alloy and a 3 per cent of plastics. Its estimated performances were slightly higher than the T-tail design, with an initial rate of climb of 18.2 m/sec, an absolute ceiling of 13,000 m and a maximum speed of 955 kph.

The wing span was only 8 m, the wing area had been reduced to 15.5 sq. m and the height to 2.35 m. The twin-boom formula required to increase the overall length up to 10.55 m to maintain longitudinal stability. The wings, newly designed and with a

3.77: 1 aspect ratio, had 280 cm chord at the root, 29 degrees swept at the leading edge and 4 degrees swept at the trailing edge. They were fitted with fixed leading-edge slots, split-flaps and double ailerons to optimize roll-rate at different speeds. Each wing panel housed one fuel tank with 210 litres of K1 heavy kerosene, one landing gear leg with 240 x 210 wheel, one MK 108/30 cannon with 60 rounds and one air-intake/air-duct ensemble.

The fuselage had a design like that of Projekt IV. It housed the nose leg, with 560 x 200 wheel, the pressurized cockpit with standard armour, seat ejector and Revi 16C gunsight, two MK 151/20 rapid-fire cannons with 175 rounds each, Two T-Stoff rocket propellant tanks with 560 and 350 litres, sufficient for 400 seconds of powered flight, one Heinkel HeS 011A turbojet with 1,115 kp static thrust, one Walter 109-509 B-0 bi-propellant rocket with 350 kp peak thrust, One FuG 15Zy RT device and one IFF transponder FuG 25a.

For safety reasons, the rocket propellant C-Stoff was stored in the tail-booms, in two 160 litres tanks. The estimated range, with 1,071 litres of rocket propellants and 420 litres of K1, was 890 km, with a maximum take-off weight of 4750 kg. The estimated maximum speed was 810 kph, using only the turbojet. The Mauser MG 151/20 were very effective against the Tempest and Thunderbolts, but they lacked the punch needed to destroy a four-engine heavy bomber.

In February 1944, the Fw 190 A-6 of the Sturmstaffel I, armed with four MG 151/20 rapid-fire cannons, were forced to perform risky head-on pass against the B-17 and B-24 trying to achieve some hits in the cockpit or in the unprotected engines, the only places where the low destructive capacity of the 20 mm ammunition could achieve results. In April, the new Fw 190 A-7/R2 of the 5/JG1 armed with 30 mm cannons Rheinmetall-Borsig MK 108, a weapon capable of destroying a heavy bomber with only five impacts of its powerful ammunition 30 x 90RB of the type Minengeschoss. But the MK 108 had prematurely entered into service, with a low effective range and high dispersion fire factor that forced the sturmjägern to shoot from less than 100 m from the target to obtain results.

There was another 30 mm cannon that used a much more powerful 30x184B type munition, with a muzzle velocity that doubled to that of the MK 108 and an effective range of 1,000 m. It was the Rheinmetall-Borsig MK 103, derived from an antitank cannon, which was very difficult to integrate into the single engine fighters because of its powerful recoil and its weight, equivalent to three MK 108.

On 20 June 1944, Kurt Tank proposed to the RLM the construction of a zerstörer version called Flitzer II. Basically, it was the same airframe armed with two MK 103/30 in the nose. The main modification consisted in reducing the amount of rocket propellants to only 663 litres, enough for 250 seconds of powered flight, extending the wing area up to 17 sq. m and the wing chord at the root up to 307 cm, with the trailing edge sweep angle being decreased by one degree. The estimated range was reduced to only 570 km but was considered sufficient for the defence of important targets.

Each wing panel contained 210 litres of K1 and a MG 151/20 cannon with 350 rounds. The two MK 103/30s were installed under the cockpit floor, with 80 rounds per gun. The Revi 16C gunsight was replaced by a Zeiss ZFR 4a Zielfernrohr (telescopic gunsight). The fuselage housed a tank with 560 litres of T-Stoff and another with 330 litres of K1. The C-Stoff was reduced to 100 litres stored in the twin-booms.

The new turbojet proposed for this version was a HeS 011 A-0 with 1,300 kp static thrust and the rocket engine a HWK 109-509 B-1 with 400 kp peak thrust. The take-off weight was increased by 100 kg and the absolute ceiling up to 13,800 m due to the increase in power and the modification of the wings. The maximum speed, with turbojet only, was estimated of 830 kph and with both engines of 965 kph.

Flitzer II was proposed to the RLM as a conservative alternative to the Ta 183 A (P.011.018a) although neither project was sufficiently advanced to reach the production phase. In July, a good opportunity was presented with the publication of the Jägernottprogramm contest and the firm Focke-Wulf presented three projects: Ta 183 A, Ta 183 B and Flitzer III (20 July 1944).

The latter consisted of a Flitzer II modified to meet the contest specifications, suppressing the rocket engine, replacing the MK 103/30 with two MK108 /30 and 80 rounds per gun and raising the capacity of the fuel tanks up to 1,000 litres of K1. The low density of the K1 compared to the rocket propellants decreased the overall weight to 3,650 kg. When using only the turbojet, the absolute ceiling fell to 13,000 m and the estimated maximum speed to 830 kph.

In September, the Technisches Amt decided to extend the internal fuel capacity of the Jägernottprogramm fighter to 1,400 litres and the designers of Bad Eilsen succeeded by installing in the Flitzer III six K1 tanks: two of 210 litres in the wings, two of 480 and 330 litres in the fuselage and two of 85 litres in the tail booms. The estimated range was 1,100 km, but the excessive drag generated by the tailplane/tailfins ensemble lowered the maximum speed to a value that was unacceptable for the RLM, declaring the Ta 183 A-0 winner of the contest.

The Flitzer project had another chance when the Volksjäger specification was published on 8 September. Focke-Wulf responded by presenting two projects: the Volksflugzeug, a simplified version of Ta 183 and the Volksflitzer (18 September 1944), a light version of Flitzer I with a maximum weight of 3,150 kg as described in the dossier Baubeschreibung Nr. 272. The main modification consisted in reducing the wing area to 14 sq. m, reducing the chord at the root to 237 cm and increasing the trailing edge sweep angle to 11 degrees.

The fuselage was modified to allow the installation of a turbojet BMW 109-003 A-2 with only 705 kp static thrust, eliminating one of the fuel tanks. The capacity of heavy kerosene of the type J2, was reduced to 790 litres and the range to 600 km. The lower power of the turbojet, reduced the service ceiling to 10,700 m and the maximum speed to 770 kph, while the Volksflugzeug could fly at 820 kph with the same engine. Kurt Tank proposed to the OKL the installation of a HeS 011 A-0 that would make the Volksflitzer an excellent light fighter to complement the Ta 183. The new project, named Flitzer IV, had 1,120 litres of K1 fuel, 870 km of range and 10,800 m of ceiling.

But even with the higher power of HeS 011, it was estimated that the maximum speed would be the same as that of the Volksflugzeug powered by the BMW 003 and the Flitzer programme was definitively cancelled on 3 October 1944.

 

[Justo Miranda]

Focke-Wulf 1-PTL Jäger Projekt VII

​

In May 1944, the RLM commissioned Daimler Benz to develop the turboprop DB 109-021 Pollux, based on the Heinkel HeS 011 turbojet.

The engines of this type allowed to regulate the fuel flow with adjustments in the airscrew pitch, which, together with its low specific fuel consumption of 0.45 kg/eshp/hr made them very suitable to propel long-range airplanes. Turboprops were lighter and more powerful than the conventional piston engines and could work with heavy kerosene.

Version Sk.021.50-0008.10 (August 2, 1944) was designed to propel a future variant aufklärer (reconnaissance) of Arado Ar 234. It consisted of a HeS 011A turbojet to which had been added an extra third turbine stage and a 2.5 m diameter variable pitch six-bladed airscrew that could be driven through reduction gearing of the epicyclic planetary type, giving an airscrew speed ratio of 1 to 5.82 (1,800 rpm). The whole assembly had a length of 3.7 m and was suitable for installation under the wings of Arado Ar 234. At least 50 per cent of the turbojet power was diverted to airscrew thrust.

Version Zeich.Nr.109-021.6008 (17 October 1944) was designed to propel the Messerschmitt Me 262 B-2 nachtjäger (night fighter). It had a length of 4.1 m and was based on the HeS 011 A-0 turbojet. Compared with pure jet fighters, the PTL airplanes were superior in take-off, climb, acceleration and endurance, but the power of the turboprops rapidly declined with height and were not adequate to propel high-altitude interceptors.

In general, the jet versions were 107 per cent faster and 87 per cent lighter, with the service ceiling 130 per cent higher and a 34 per cent longer range compared with the turboprops versions. When the future performances of the 109-021 turboprop were known in July of 1944, Kurt Tank decided to use it to propel a Flitzer schlacht version (ground attack), called Projekt VII, capable of taking off using smallest forward landing strips with heavy loads.

The adaptation of the turboprop to the airframe of a single engine fighter, required the use of a long power shaft to connect the airscrew, in the extreme nose, with the turbojet installed in the rear section of the fuselage. On 2 August 1944, modification Zeich.Nr.0310 226-114, described in the dossier Baubeschreibung Nr.226, was proposed to the OKL. The power plant would be a version of the 109-021 named Sk.021.50-0008, with a power shaft of 3 m and an airscrew built with wide wooden Holzblättern blades from the VDM 9-12157 H-3 used by the Fw 190 D-9.

To compensate for the loss of power in the shaft, the diameter of the propeller increased to 2.7 m. The complete turboprop averaged 6.8 m in length and produced 2,400 hp shaft power, at 800 kph and sea level, with a residual jet thrust of 585 kp. The planned armament for this version consisted of two Mauser MG 151/20 cannons (synchronized variant) under the cockpit floor and two Mauser MG 151/15 heavy machine guns in the wings.

The dimensions were the same as those of the Flitzer III (20 July1944) except the overall length which was reduced to 9.9 m. The internal fuel capacity was 1,354 litres of heavy kerosene K1, enough to fly 1,460 km. Each wing panel housed one 210 litres fuel tank; the fuselage housed one tank with 597 litres of capacity and another with 337 litres. Take-off weight amounted to 5,000 kg, the maximum speed was estimated at 845 kph and the initial rate of climb at 40 m/sec.

On September 8, the OKL received a proposal to construct the zerstörer (bomber destroyer) version, described in document Zeich.Nr.0310 226-113a, which was named Peterle, derived from the acronym PTL. The power plant consisted of a HeS 011 A-0, a power shaft of 4.6 m and a conventional reduction gear box that allowed the installation of a Rheinmetall-Borsig Mk103/30 heavy cannon in the nose that fired through the propeller hub. The shaft power, at 800 kph and sea level, was 3,300 hp with a residual jet thrust of 770 kp.

The main modifications made in the design of the Peterle consisted of the adoption of a single fuselage fuel tank of 720 litres, an asymmetric nose leg that did not interfere in the operation of the shaft when retracting and an armament consisting of a MK 103/30 heavy cannon in the nose. Two Mauser MK 213/20 (synchronized variant) rapid-fire cannons were positioned under the cockpit floor and two MG 151/15 machine guns in the wings. The Revi 16 C gunsight was replaced by a ZFR 4a telescopic gunsight and the overall length increased to 10.5 m.

According to some authors, the Peterle had a reverse thrust system for short landing run consisting of constant speed airscrew control with a quick blade pitch reverse mechanism.

​

 

[Scott Kenny]

In general, the jet versions were 107 per cent faster and 87 per cent lighter, with the service ceiling 130 per cent higher and a 34 per cent longer range compared with the turboprops versions. When the future performances of the 109-021 turboprop were known in July of 1944, Kurt Tank decided to use it to propel a Flitzer schlacht version (ground attack), called Projekt VII, capable of taking off using smallest forward landing strips with heavy loads.​

That seems weird for the turbojets to have a longer range than the turboprops.

The adaptation of the turboprop to the airframe of a single engine fighter, required the use of a long power shaft to connect the airscrew, in the extreme nose, with the turbojet installed in the rear section of the fuselage. On 2 August 1944, modification Zeich.Nr.0310 226-114, described in the dossier Baubeschreibung Nr.226, was proposed to the OKL. The power plant would be a version of the 109-021 named Sk.021.50-0008, with a power shaft of 3 m and an airscrew built with wide wooden Holzblättern blades from the VDM 9-12157 H-3 used by the Fw 190 D-9.

To compensate for the loss of power in the shaft, the diameter of the propeller increased to 2.7 m. The complete turboprop averaged 6.8 m in length and produced 2,400 hp shaft power, at 800 kph and sea level, with a residual jet thrust of 585 kp. The planned armament for this version consisted of two Mauser MG 151/20 cannons (synchronized variant) under the cockpit floor and two Mauser MG 151/15 heavy machine guns in the wings.

The dimensions were the same as those of the Flitzer III (20 July1944) except the overall length which was reduced to 9.9 m. The internal fuel capacity was 1,354 litres of heavy kerosene K1, enough to fly 1,460 km. Each wing panel housed one 210 litres fuel tank; the fuselage housed one tank with 597 litres of capacity and another with 337 litres. Take-off weight amounted to 5,000 kg, the maximum speed was estimated at 845 kph and the initial rate of climb at 40 m/sec.

On September 8, the OKL received a proposal to construct the zerstörer (bomber destroyer) version, described in document Zeich.Nr.0310 226-113a, which was named Peterle, derived from the acronym PTL. The power plant consisted of a HeS 011 A-0, a power shaft of 4.6 m and a conventional reduction gear box that allowed the installation of a Rheinmetall-Borsig Mk103/30 heavy cannon in the nose that fired through the propeller hub. The shaft power, at 800 kph and sea level, was 3,300 hp with a residual jet thrust of 770 kp.

​

Kp? kilopascals? kilograms pressure?

 

[Justo Miranda]

That seems weird for the turbojets to have a longer range than the turboprops.



Kp? kilopascals? kilograms pressure?

A kilopondium is defined as the gravitational force exerted by the Earth on a body of 1 kg mass. Therefore, one kilopondium is equal to 9.81 N. The kilopondium symbol is kp.

 

[Scott Kenny]

A kilopondium is defined as the gravitational force exerted by the Earth on a body of 1 kg mass. Therefore, one kilopondium is equal to 9.81 N. The kilopondium symbol is kp.

Thank you!

 

[martinbayer]

Thank you!

There positively is *NO* scientific unit whatsoever called "kilopondium* (say, are you into unobtainium as well?), but perhaps you mean the utterly outdated non-standard unit Kilogram-Force - see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram-force? Either way, brush up on your SI units...

​

 

[Scott Kenny]

There positively is *NO* scientific unit whatsoever called "kilopondium* (say, are you into unobtainium as well?), but perhaps you mean the utterly outdated non-standard unit Kilogram-Force - see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram-force? Either way, brush up on your SI units...

​

I directly quoted the source for the kp.

 

[martinbayer]

I directly quoted the source for the kp.

Still outdated - welcome to the 21st Century....

 

[Scott Kenny]

Still outdated/unscientific.

Right. I'm familiar with kilonewtons as a thrust measurement, even if I don't grok it yet. But Kp was one I had never heard of before.

 

[martinbayer]

Right. I'm familiar with kilonewtons as a thrust measurement, even if I don't grok it yet. But Kp was one I had never heard of before.

As a bicontinental aerospace engineer, I highly recommend using the metric SI (Système International) for all of your calculations going forward.

 

[Scott Kenny]

As a bicontinental aerospace engineer, I highly recommend using the metric SI (Système International) for all of your calculations going forward.

Oh, I do use metric for all my rocket equations. (all the expletives with extra fervor, deleted) NO to doing that math in American units! Just yuck!

 

[Tonton-42]

That seems weird for the turbojets to have a longer range than the turboprops.



Kp? kilopascals? kilograms pressure?

The kilogram-weight (kilogramme-poids) kp was used in France as in all countries using the metric system of kilogram-force kf (for the thrust of a jet or the traction of a propeller) before the introduction of ISO units where the kilogram kg no longer expresses only the mass (characterizes the quantity of matter) while force and weight (which is a force due to gravitation) are expressed in newton N. A mass of 1 kg exerts in Paris a force due to its weight of 9.81 N, result of the general equation F=m.γ where the force F in newton (n tiny for unity, in homage to the great Isaac Newton "the inventor" of universal gravitation) is the product of mass m in kilogram by the acceleration undergone γ in m/s² or m.s-2. The acceleration γ exerted by the Earth’s attraction is called g, it varies according to the Earth’s latitude (g=9.812 m.s-2 exactly in Paris), to calculate the weight P of an object the formula is therefore P=m.g. So one should buy newtons of potatoes but one continues to buy them in kilogram-force, abbreviation kilo, which no longer means anything ... (give me a kilohertz of potato, or a kilowatt ... )

 

[Scott Kenny]

The kilogram-weight (kilogramme-poids) kp was used in France as in all countries using the metric system of kilogram-force kf (for the thrust of a jet or the traction of a propeller) before the introduction of ISO units where the kilogram kg no longer expresses only the mass (characterizes the quantity of matter) while force and weight (which is a force due to gravitation) are expressed in newton N. A mass of 1 kg exerts in Paris a force due to its weight of 9.81 N, result of the general equation F=m.γ where the force F in newton (n tiny for unity, in homage to the great Isaac Newton "the inventor" of universal gravitation) is the product of mass m in kilogram by the acceleration undergone γ in m/s² or m.s-2. The acceleration γ exerted by the Earth’s attraction is called g, it varies according to the Earth’s latitude (g=9.812 m.s-2 exactly in Paris), to calculate the weight P of an object the formula is therefore P=m.g. So one should buy newtons of potatoes but one continues to buy them in kilogram-force, abbreviation kilo, which no longer means anything ... (give me a kilohertz of potato, or a kilowatt ... )

so, divide that kp by 9.81 to get kilonewtons thrust?

 

[Tonton-42]

so, divide that kp by 9.81 to get kilonewtons thrust?

1 kN = 1000 N ; 1 N -> 0,102 kp ; 1 kN -> 102 kp ; 1 daN -> 1,02 kp ... That is for that we say in French a thrust of 7200 kp (French ATAR 9K50) equal approximatively 7200 daN ...